Fall Armyworm

Users Edited Disease:

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- +CABI (2018) Fall Armyworm Portal. Available at: <a href="http://www.cabi.org/isc/fallarmyworm">http://www.cabi.org/isc/fallarmyworm</a>
- +
- CABI Invasive Species Compendium. (2017). Spodoptera frugiperda (fall armyworm) datasheet. Available at: <a href="https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/29810">https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/29810</a>. [Accessed 4 December 17]. 
- Zebdewos Salato, Jayne Crozier, Negussie Efa, Margaret Mulaa (2017). Fall armyworm (FAW) on maize. Pest Management Decision Guide: Green and Yellow List. <a href="https://www.plantwise.org/FullTextPDF/2017/20177800723.pdf">https://www.plantwise.org/FullTextPDF/2017/20177800723.pdf</a>
- FAO Briefing Note on FAW (2017).<a href="http://www.fao.org/food-chain-crisis/how-we-work/plant-protection/fall-armyworm/en/"> http://www.fao.org/food-chain-crisis/how-we-work/plant-protection/fall-armyworm/en/</a>
Edited by Katherine Cameron at 15 November 2018, 09:31
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- "Determine the field to be sampled. For a smallholder, this is typically less than 2 ha. If the fields were planted at different times, with different varieties, or with different conditions (intercropping, fertilization, etc), then each plot should be sampled differently.
- In the field, walk a letter "W", covering the entire field:
- -<img alt="" longdesc="FAO" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production/var/www/sites/production.plantvillage.org/releases/20180217130911/public/ckeditor_assets/pictures/101/content_scouting.JPG" style="width: 150px; height: 100px; border-radius: 10px;" title="Fig 14: Scouting Procedure" />
- +<img alt="" longdesc="FAO" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production/var/www/sites/production.plantvillage.org/releases/20180217130911/public/ckeditor_assets/pictures/101/content_scouting.JPG" style="border-radius: 10px; width: 150px; height: 100px;" title="Fig 14: Scouting Procedure" />
- ~~-Fig 14: Scouting for Fall Armyworm~~
- +Fig 14: Scouting for Fall Armyworm
- At the start and at every turn, inspect 10 plants in a row. These ten plants are called a "station". Look carefully in the whorl of each plant for signs of recent leaf damage or fresh frass in the whorl. These indicate a live larva, probably FAW, in the whorl. Do Not include plants with some damage to older leaves, but with no clear signs of current damage. Only currently infested plants need be counted. Keep track of the number of plants currently infested in this way (in this example FAW infested plants are marked with an "X"):
- -<img alt="" longdesc="FAO" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production/var/www/sites/production.plantvillage.org/releases/20180217130911/public/ckeditor_assets/pictures/102/content_Capturewww.JPG" style="width: 150px; height: 100px; border-radius: 10px;" title="Fig 15: Field Scouting record example" />
- +<img alt="" longdesc="FAO" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production/var/www/sites/production.plantvillage.org/releases/20180217130911/public/ckeditor_assets/pictures/102/content_Capturewww.JPG" style="border-radius: 10px; width: 150px; height: 100px;" title="Fig 15: Field Scouting record example" />
- ~~-Fig 15: Field scouting record example~~
- +Fig 15: Field scouting record example
- The total of plants infested in the 50 plants counted is 6+4+4+5+7=26
- So in 100 plants, it would be double 26X2 = 52, or 52 percent of the plants infested."
- @@ -86,10 +86,12 @@
- 15. What are the prospects for IPM? 
- "An Integrated Pest Management (IPM) approach is strongly recommended. Reliance on single control methods may, in the long run, either be unsustainable or ineffective and, in the worst cases, increase the likelihood of FAW resistance."
- +CABI have collated pest management resources from a wide range of organisations on the <a href="http://www.cabi.org/isc/fallarmyworm">Fall Armyworm Portal</a>. This includes Pest Management Decision Guides for prevention, monitoring and control of fall armyworm on maize and other crops, with country-specific advice for a large number of countries.
- +
- Access Agriculture has made a nice video showing hor natural enemies can be used. See <a href="https://www.accessagriculture.org/killing-fall-armyworms-naturally">here</a>.  Below is a shortened video but check out <a href="https://www.accessagriculture.org/killing-fall-armyworms-naturally">their page</a> for the longer video in multiple languages. 
- <div class="videoEmbed"><iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="349" mozallowfullscreen="" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/70O9LAsufrs" webkitallowfullscreen="" width="560"></iframe></div>
-  
Edited by Katherine Cameron at 15 November 2018, 09:29
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- -FAW  originated from tropical and subtropical regions of the Americas (North and South America). It is now a serious pest in West, Central, and Southern Africa and has moved into India.
- +FAW  originated from tropical and subtropical regions of the Americas (North and South America). It is now a serious pest in West, Central, and Southern Africa and has moved into India. To see a map of the latest confirmed distribution, along with supporting references, view the <a href="http://www.cabi.org/isc/fallarmyworm">Fall Armyworm Portal</a>.
- There are efforts to model the likely distribution. For example, work by members of the FAW R4D community (including Dr. Johnnie van den Berg) have developed models based on CLIMEX. Some of this is shown in this figure. <img alt="" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production-new/ckeditor_assets/pictures/181/content_Screen_Shot_2018-11-13_at_9.53.58_AM.png" style="width: 300px; height: 186px; float: left;" />
- What the authors said based on these work was "Although S. frugiperda has already expanded its range throughout the African continent, it has most likely not yet reached its geographical limits there."
- @@ -12,11 +12,11 @@
-  
- On this page, we are linking to other pages where we could provide an update on country records. This is something that may be important and the community can decide.
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- <a href="http://plantvillage.org/static_pages/southafrica">South Africa</a>       
- </td>
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-  
- ~~-Is the current situation going to get worse?~~
- +Is the current situation going to get worse?
- The adult female moths of FAW are strong flyers and will continue to spread across the continent, and possibly beyond. Populations of FAW may continue to build, as they find more host plants to multiply on, and in the absence of the complex of natural biological enemies (general predators like ants and earwigs, specialized parasitoids) and a host of entomopathogens (virus, bacteria and fungi). The revisal of loss by CABI in 2018 suggests that the situation is not as bad as in 2017. But we again should be cautious as we still lack data on its abundance. We also don't understand how yield loss relates to damage of the leaves by FAW feeding. Research is needed. 
-  
- ~~-Is there an impact on trade?~~
- +Is there an impact on trade?
- Exports of crops that are host plants for FAW from African countries with confirmed presence of FAW will come under new scrutiny from importing countries that haven't reported FAW.
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Edited by Katherine Cameron at 15 November 2018, 09:21
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- "Definitely. There is a wealth of management experience and research from the Americas that can be shared and tried in Africa. FAO is actively promoting South-South cooperation to bring this experience and knowledge to Africa."
- 5. How can field scouting assist management?
- - Scouting can help to detect fall armyworm infestations before they cause economic damage. So survey the field regularly and look for egg mass, leaf damage, and larvae. The best time to look for larvae is early morning or late afternoon.
- + Scouting can help to detect fall armyworm infestations before they cause economic damage. So survey the field regularly and look for egg masses, leaf damage and larvae. The best time to look for larvae is early morning or late afternoon.
- 6. How can scouting be done in the field?
- "Determine the field to be sampled. For a smallholder, this is typically less than 2 ha. If the fields were planted at different times, with different varieties, or with different conditions (intercropping, fertilization, etc), then each plot should be sampled differently.
- @@ -48,13 +48,13 @@
-    - Plant early in the growing season
-    - Avoid planting new crops near infested field
- ~~-   - Look for egg mass and crush them by hand~~
- +   - Look for egg masses and crush them by hand
- -   - Provide proper nutrients to plant so that they can withstand infestation
- +   - Provide adequate nutrients to the plants so that they can withstand infestation
- 8. Can pesticide be used to control FAW?
- "Pesticides may be needed to control FAW locally. The most effective, lowest-risk, economical, accessible and easily used by smallholders (without sophisticated machinery) need to be determined within each country and across the continent. It's not just a question of the most effective pesticide in a research station, the specific recommendations (active ingredient, formulation, type and timing of application), and their costs and benefits to smallholder farmers must be determined." 
Edited by Rob Williams at 14 November 2018, 16:22
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- 2.  What is the life cycle?
- The life cycle of FAW involves an egg, larva, pupa and adult moth. The main destructive stage is a larva. Generally, female moth lays 100-200 eggs in a mass on the lower surface of the leaves, but sometimes can also found on the upper surface. Eggs will hatch in 1 to 3 days. The first- and second-instar larvae feed on corn leaves by scraping the leaf surface. Whereas, the third- to sixth-instar larvae feed on leaves by making elongated holes. The larval stage lasts for 9 to 20 days, after which the mature larvae fall off and burrow into the soil and pupate inside the cocoon. Within 8 to 10 days adult moth will emerge from the pupa.
- -"In the tropics, breeding may be continuous with four to six generations per year, but in the northern regions only one or two generations develop; at lower temperatures, activity, and development cease, and when the gel occurs, all stages are usually killed. In the United States, S. frugiperda only spends winter in southern Texas and Florida. During mild winters, pupae can survive in more northern locations."
- +"In the tropics, breeding may be continuous with four to six generations per year, but in the northern regions only one or two generations develop; at lower temperatures, activity, and development cease, and when frost occurs all stages are usually killed. In the United States, S. frugiperda only spends winter in southern Texas and Florida. During mild winters, pupae can survive in more northern locations."
- 4. How does it spread within a crop and within/between regions?
- "FAW moths generally disperse about 500 km (300 miles) before oviposition, which is sufficient to move from seasonally dry habitats to wet habitats in Central America (Johnson1987). Moths fly downwind, above the boundary layer (the lowest part of the atmosphere, above which the wind direction and strength may be different), so the direction of movement depends largely on prevailing winds. When the wind pattern is right, moths can move much larger distances: for example, 1,600 km from Mississippi to southern Canada in 30 hours has been recorded (Rose et al. 1975). Clearly, FAW has the potential to spread rapidly across Africa: at least 500 km per generation, with a suitable wind." (CABI, 2017)
Edited by Rob Williams at 14 November 2018, 16:13
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- 1.  How do I recognize it?
- -Fras: The presence of moist sawdust-like frass (excrement) near the funnel and upper leaves.
- +Frass: The presence of moist sawdust-like frass (excrement) near the funnel and upper leaves.
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- -Larvae: Larvae undergoes six developmental stages (called instars). The first and second instar larvae are green in color with a black head. The third to sixth instars larvae are light tan to tan, green in color with white visible strips on the body. Also, these stages have distinct four dark spots arranged in a square on 8th and 9th abdominal segments.
- +Larvae: Larvae undergo six developmental stages (called instars). The first and second instar larvae are green in color with a black head. The third to sixth instars larvae are light tan to tan, green in color with white visible stripes on the body. Also, these stages have distinct four dark spots arranged in a square on 8th and 9th abdominal segments.
- -Egg: Eggs are laid in masses. Each mass may contain 100 -200 eggs and covered with grayish cottony scales and tiny bristles .
- +Egg: Eggs are laid in masses. Each mass may contain 100-200 eggs and covered with grayish cottony scales and tiny bristles .
- Adult moth: Both male and female moths are 30 to 40 mm from wing tip to wing tip. The hind wings of both sexes are white/silver with a narrow dark brown border. The forewing of male moths is having more patterns and a distinct white spot on the outer tip.
- 2.  What is the life cycle?
- -The life cycle of FAW involves an egg, larva, pupa and adult moth. The main destructive stage is a larva. Generally, female moth lays 100-200 eggs in a mass on the lower surface of the leaves, but sometimes can also found on the upper surface. Eggs will hatch in 1 to 3 days. The first and second instar larvae feed on corn leaves by scraping the leaf surface. Whereas, the third to sixth instar larvae feed on leaves by making elongated holes. The larval stage lasts for 9 to 20 days, after which the mature larvae fall off and burrow into the soil and pupate inside the cocoon. Within 8 to 10 days adult moth will emerge from the pupa.
- +The life cycle of FAW involves an egg, larva, pupa and adult moth. The main destructive stage is a larva. Generally, female moth lays 100-200 eggs in a mass on the lower surface of the leaves, but sometimes can also found on the upper surface. Eggs will hatch in 1 to 3 days. The first- and second-instar larvae feed on corn leaves by scraping the leaf surface. Whereas, the third- to sixth-instar larvae feed on leaves by making elongated holes. The larval stage lasts for 9 to 20 days, after which the mature larvae fall off and burrow into the soil and pupate inside the cocoon. Within 8 to 10 days adult moth will emerge from the pupa.
- "In the tropics, breeding may be continuous with four to six generations per year, but in the northern regions only one or two generations develop; at lower temperatures, activity, and development cease, and when the gel occurs, all stages are usually killed. In the United States, S. frugiperda only spends winter in southern Texas and Florida. During mild winters, pupae can survive in more northern locations."
- 4. How does it spread within a crop and within/between regions?
Edited by Rob Williams at 14 November 2018, 16:11
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-  
- Is the current situation going to get worse?
- -The adult female moths of FAW is a strong flyer and will continue to spread across the continent, and possibly beyond. Populations of FAW may continue to build, as they find more host plants to multiply on, and in the absence of the complex of natural biological enemies (general predators like ants and earwigs, specialized parasitoids) and a host of entomopathogens (virus, bacteria and fungi). The revival of loss by CABI in 2018 suggests that the situation is not as bad as in 2017. But we again should be cautious as we still lack data on its abundance. We also dont understand how yield loss relates to damage of the leaves by FAW feeding. Research is needed. 
- +The adult female moths of FAW are strong flyers and will continue to spread across the continent, and possibly beyond. Populations of FAW may continue to build, as they find more host plants to multiply on, and in the absence of the complex of natural biological enemies (general predators like ants and earwigs, specialized parasitoids) and a host of entomopathogens (virus, bacteria and fungi). The revisal of loss by CABI in 2018 suggests that the situation is not as bad as in 2017. But we again should be cautious as we still lack data on its abundance. We also don't understand how yield loss relates to damage of the leaves by FAW feeding. Research is needed. 
-  
- Is there an impact on trade?
Edited by Rob Williams at 14 November 2018, 16:08
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- -FAW mostly eats the leaves of maize. Occasionally it will infest ears as well. Usually, such ears are not consumed by humans. While direct damage from FAW doesn't affect the food safety of the maize, it could make the maize more susceptible to aflatoxin presence. At the FAW conference in Addis Ababa, Oct 29th-31st, 2018 at the African Union some delegates talked about how the damage of corn by FAW larvae may increase the chances of mycotoxins like Aflatoxin but it was noted that mno research has been done on this
- +FAW mostly eats the leaves of maize. Occasionally it will infest ears as well. Usually, such ears are not consumed by humans. While direct damage from FAW doesn't affect the food safety of the maize, it could make the maize more susceptible to aflatoxin presence. At the FAW conference in Addis Ababa, Oct 29th-31st, 2018 at the African Union some delegates talked about how the damage of corn by FAW larvae may increase the chances of mycotoxins like Aflatoxin but it was noted that no research has been done on this
Edited by Rob Williams at 14 November 2018, 16:00
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- -FAW has a wide host range but at present, it becomes a major problem in African continent mainly on corn, rice, sorghum, sugarcane, wheat, and millets. It also prefers to feed on cowpea, peanuts, potato, soybean, and cotton. It is considered a polyphgagous pest meaning it easts many different types of food plant. 
- +FAW has a wide host range but at present it becomes a major problem in African continent mainly on corn (maize), rice, sorghum, sugarcane, wheat, and millets. It also prefers to feed on cowpea, peanuts, potato, soybean, and cotton. It is considered a polyphgagous pest meaning it eats many different types of food plant. 
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Edited by Rob Williams at 14 November 2018, 15:59
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-  
- What is the difference between Fall Armyworm and African Armyworm?
- -"They are closely related, but have different behaviors and ecologies. FAW rarely displays the "Armyworm" behavior of larvae massing and "marching" across fields. As a native to Africa, the African Armyworm faces complex of natural biological enemies (predators, parasitoids, diseases). The FAW probably arrived in African unaccompanied by its natural enemies allowing their populations to increase even more unchecked than normal."
- +"They are closely related, but have different behaviors and ecologies. FAW rarely displays the "Armyworm" behavior of larvae massing and "marching" across fields. As a native to Africa, the African Armyworm faces a complex of natural biological enemies (predators, parasitoids, diseases). The FAW probably arrived in African unaccompanied by its natural enemies allowing their populations to increase even more unchecked than normal."
Edited by Rob Williams at 14 November 2018, 15:58
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- On this page, our attention is focused on Fall armyworm in Africa which is an invasive species. As mentioned, it  also occurs in India.
- -Fall Armyworm is considered a major problem because of its cause a severe economic loss on major food crops worldwide. Ealier estimates by CABI (CABI 2017) estimated losses lying between US$2,481m and US$6,187m per year. A more recent report (29th October 2018), also by CABI reduced the suggested losses.
- -
- -"The revised estimates indicate that the potential impact of fall armyworm on maize production across 12 major African countries is lower than previously estimated at 4 to 18 million tonnes annually, with an economic value of between US$1 to 4.6 billion per annum." (<a href="https://www.cabi.org/news-and-media/2018/progress-made-on-fall-armyworm-but-greater-effort-needed/">CABI 2018</a>).
- +Fall Armyworm is considered a major problem because it causes  severe economic loss on major food crops worldwide. Ealier estimates by CABI (CABI 2017) estimated losses of between US$2,481m and US$6,187m per year. A more recent report (29th October 2018), also by CABI, reduced the suggested losses.  "The revised estimates indicate that the potential impact of fall armyworm on maize production across 12 major African countries is lower than previously estimated at 4 to 18 million tonnes annually, with an economic value of between US$1 to 4.6 billion per annum." (<a href="https://www.cabi.org/news-and-media/2018/progress-made-on-fall-armyworm-but-greater-effort-needed/">CABI 2018</a>).
- FAW is particularly problematic also because it can occur on many important crops besides maize, such as sorghum, rice, and sugarcane. 
- This video is from CIMMYT and AGRA 
Edited by Rob Williams at 14 November 2018, 15:55
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- -The damage may vary depending on the stage of the crop, insect population, and stage of larvae, etc. Though the damage can be easily identified by characteristic scraping (caused by first and second instar larvae) and holes in the leaves (caused by third to sixth instar larvae). Sometime the leaves may be cut in half, resulting in a reduction of photosynthetic leaf area. The damage gives the ragged appearance to the plant. The larvae are nocturnal in habit. They are active and feed only during the night. They hide in leaf whorls during the daytime.
- +The damage may vary depending on the stage of the crop, insect population, and stage of larvae, etc. Though the damage can be easily identified by characteristic scraping (caused by first- and second-instar larvae) and holes in the leaves (caused by third- to sixth-instar larvae), sometime the leaves may be cut in half, resulting in a reduction of photosynthetic leaf area. The damage gives a ragged appearance to the plant. The larvae are nocturnal in habit. They are active and feed only during the night. They hide in leaf whorls during the daytime.
- You can scout for the presence of FAW. Access Agriculture has made an excellent video for <a href="https://www.accessagriculture.org/scouting-fall-armyworms">scouting</a>. A summary video is below. But check out their page for the full video in multiple languages. 
- <div class="videoEmbed">
- <div class="videoEmbed"><iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="349" mozallowfullscreen="" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/n1oPubcsE7c" webkitallowfullscreen="" width="560"></iframe></div>
Edited by Rob Williams at 14 November 2018, 15:52
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- -The damage may vary depending on the stage of the crop, insect population, and stage of larvae, etc. Though the damage can be easily identified by characteristic scrapping (caused by first and second instar larvae) and holes on the leaves (caused by third to sixth instar larvae-). Sometime may cut the leaf in half, resulting in a reduction of photosynthetic leaf area. The damage gives the ragged appearance to the plant. The larvae are nocturnal in habit. They are active and feed only during the night. They hide in leaf whorl during the daytime.
- +The damage may vary depending on the stage of the crop, insect population, and stage of larvae, etc. Though the damage can be easily identified by characteristic scraping (caused by first and second instar larvae) and holes in the leaves (caused by third to sixth instar larvae). Sometime the leaves may be cut in half, resulting in a reduction of photosynthetic leaf area. The damage gives the ragged appearance to the plant. The larvae are nocturnal in habit. They are active and feed only during the night. They hide in leaf whorls during the daytime.
- You can scout for the presence of FAW. Access Agriculture has made an excellent video for <a href="https://www.accessagriculture.org/scouting-fall-armyworms">scouting</a>. A summary video is below. But check out their page for the full video in multiple languages. 
- <div class="videoEmbed">
- <div class="videoEmbed"><iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="349" mozallowfullscreen="" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/n1oPubcsE7c" webkitallowfullscreen="" width="560"></iframe></div>
Edited by Rob Williams at 14 November 2018, 15:50
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- -This is the community page. FAW is a major pest in Africa and is now moving across India. While we have good knowledge on dealing with this pest from the Americas,  the local situation in Africa and India is different. Therefore, we need a dynamic platform on FAW knowledge. PlantVillage, an established platform with over 8 million visitors and 80-100,000 new/month is opening its FAW page for community editing. For such a rapidly moving, transboundary pest, we need a more rapid sharing mechanism to share knowledge. So, please do edit this page and share you knowledge. People will be also able to ask questions. If we need we can create sub-pages (e.g. FAW biocontrol). Here is a <a href="https://docs-old.ckeditor.com/CKEditor_3.x/Users_Guide/Quick_Reference ">guide</a> to using CK editing. 
- +This is the community page. The Fall Armyworm (FAW) is a major pest in Africa and is now moving across India. While we have good knowledge on dealing with this pest from the Americas,  the local situation in Africa and India is different. Therefore, we need a dynamic platform on FAW knowledge. PlantVillage, an established platform with over 8 million visitors and 80-100,000 new/month is opening its FAW page for community editing. For such a rapidly moving, transboundary pest, we need a more rapid sharing mechanism to share knowledge. So, please do edit this page and share you knowledge. People will be also able to ask questions. If we need we can create sub-pages (e.g. FAW biocontrol). Here is a <a href="https://docs-old.ckeditor.com/CKEditor_3.x/Users_Guide/Quick_Reference ">guide</a> to using CK editing. 
Edited by Rob Williams at 14 November 2018, 15:46
Change in Description
- --- /tmp/diffy20240419-1086403-rhuxqp 2024-04-19 21:42:14.503324894 +0000
- +++ /tmp/diffy20240419-1086403-oxriqv 2024-04-19 21:42:14.507324965 +0000
- @@ -4,11 +4,11 @@
- What the authors said based on these work was "Although S. frugiperda has already expanded its range throughout the African continent, it has most likely not yet reached its geographical limits there."
-  
- -You can see the whole paper <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327423712_Spodoptera_frugiperde_-_CLIMEX_modelling_du_Plessis_van_den_Berg_Ota_Kriticos_2018_CSIRO-InSTePP_Pest_Geography_June_2018_Canberra">here </a>on ResearchGate (login required)
- +You can see the whole paper <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327423712_Spodoptera_frugiperde_-_CLIMEX_modelling_du_Plessis_van_den_Berg_Ota_Kriticos_2018_CSIRO-InSTePP_Pest_Geography_June_2018_Canberra">here </a>on ResearchGate (login required). There are other models that use species distribution modelling (SDM).  The CLIMEX and SDM give similar, though not identical results. See  for example, the paper by <a href="https://neobiota.pensoft.net/article/28165/">Early et al 2018.  </a>
-  
-  
Edited by PA2 at 14 November 2018, 10:03
Change in Description
- --- /tmp/diffy20240419-1086403-81t8zk 2024-04-19 21:42:14.555325806 +0000
- +++ /tmp/diffy20240419-1086403-gxu2k3 2024-04-19 21:42:14.555325806 +0000
- @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
- -Fall Armyworm (FAW), or Spodoptera frugiperda, is an insect that is native to tropical and subtropical regions of the Americas. In its larva stage, it can cause significant damage to crops, if not well managed. It prefers maize, but can feed on more than 80 additional species of plants, including rice, sorghum, millet, sugarcane, vegetable crops, and cotton. FAW was first detected in Central and Western Africa in early 2016 and has quickly spread across virtually all of Sub-Saharan Africa. Because of trade and the moth’s strong flying ability, it has the potential to spread further. In August 2018 it was confirmed to occur in India.  Farmers will need great support through Integrated Pest Management to sustainably manage FAW in their cropping systems. 
- +Fall Armyworm (FAW), or Spodoptera frugiperda, is an insect that is native to tropical and subtropical regions of the Americas. In its larva stage, it can cause significant damage to crops, if not well managed. It prefers maize, but can feed on many crops. A recent <a href="http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.4001/003.026.0286">review </a>by Montezano et al (2018) recorded 353 S. frugiperda larval host plant records belonging to 76 plant families, principally Poaceae (106), Asteraceae (31) and Fabaceae (31). "The literature search revealed 274 (77 % of total) bibliographic records, while 82 (23 %) are new records from surveys in Brazil."  These plants, include rice, sorghum, millet, sugarcane, vegetable crops, and cotton. FAW was first detected in Central and Western Africa in early 2016 and has quickly spread across virtually all of Sub-Saharan Africa. Because of trade and the moth’s strong flying ability, it has the potential to spread further. In August 2018 it was confirmed to occur in India.  Farmers will need great support through Integrated Pest Management to sustainably manage FAW in their cropping systems. 
- <img alt="" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production-new/ckeditor_assets/pictures/153/content_FAO_Website_image_.jpg" style="width: 300px; height: 200px;" />
-  
Edited by at 13 November 2018, 09:06
Change in Description
- --- /tmp/diffy20240419-1086403-mia5d0 2024-04-19 21:42:14.595326507 +0000
- +++ /tmp/diffy20240419-1086403-ggufd 2024-04-19 21:42:14.595326507 +0000
- @@ -1,6 +1,20 @@
- -FAW  originated from tropical and subtropical regions of the Americas (North and South America). It is now a serious pest in West, Central, and Southern Africa. On this page, we are linking to other pages where we could  provide an update on country records. This is something that may be important and the community can decide.
- +FAW  originated from tropical and subtropical regions of the Americas (North and South America). It is now a serious pest in West, Central, and Southern Africa and has moved into India.
- +
- +There are efforts to model the likely distribution. For example, work by members of the FAW R4D community (including Dr. Johnnie van den Berg) have developed models based on CLIMEX. Some of this is shown in this figure. <img alt="" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production-new/ckeditor_assets/pictures/181/content_Screen_Shot_2018-11-13_at_9.53.58_AM.png" style="width: 300px; height: 186px; float: left;" />
- +
- +What the authors said based on these work was "Although S. frugiperda has already expanded its range throughout the African continent, it has most likely not yet reached its geographical limits there."
- +
- + 
- +
- +You can see the whole paper <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327423712_Spodoptera_frugiperde_-_CLIMEX_modelling_du_Plessis_van_den_Berg_Ota_Kriticos_2018_CSIRO-InSTePP_Pest_Geography_June_2018_Canberra">here </a>on ResearchGate (login required)
- +
- + 
- +
- + 
- +
- +On this page, we are linking to other pages where we could provide an update on country records. This is something that may be important and the community can decide.
- <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width:900px;">
- <tbody>
- <tr>
- <td style="width: 2000px;">
Edited by at 13 November 2018, 09:02
Change in Description
- --- /tmp/diffy20240419-1086403-76m3qc 2024-04-19 21:42:14.643327348 +0000
- +++ /tmp/diffy20240419-1086403-c6g615 2024-04-19 21:42:14.643327348 +0000
- @@ -1 +1 @@
- -This is the community page. FAW is a major pest in Africa and is now moving across India. While we have good knowledge on dealing with this pest from the Americas,  the local situation in Africa and India is different. Therefore, we need a dynamic platform on FAW knowledge. PlantVillage, an established platform with over 8 million visitors and 80-100,000 new/month is opening its FAW page for community editing. For such a rapidly moving, transboundary pest, we need a more rapid sharing mechanism to share knowledge. So, please do edit this page and share you knowledge. People will be also able to ask questions. If we need we can create sub-pages (e.g. FAW biocontrol). Here is a <a href="https://docs-old.ckeditor.com/CKEditor_3.x/Users_Guide/Quick_Reference ">guide</a> to using CK editing.   
- +This is the community page. FAW is a major pest in Africa and is now moving across India. While we have good knowledge on dealing with this pest from the Americas,  the local situation in Africa and India is different. Therefore, we need a dynamic platform on FAW knowledge. PlantVillage, an established platform with over 8 million visitors and 80-100,000 new/month is opening its FAW page for community editing. For such a rapidly moving, transboundary pest, we need a more rapid sharing mechanism to share knowledge. So, please do edit this page and share you knowledge. People will be also able to ask questions. If we need we can create sub-pages (e.g. FAW biocontrol). Here is a <a href="https://docs-old.ckeditor.com/CKEditor_3.x/Users_Guide/Quick_Reference ">guide</a> to using CK editing. 
Edited by at 9 November 2018, 11:01