Pearl Millet Downy Mildew

Users Edited Disease:

Change in Description
- --- /tmp/diffy20240501-1012972-2o4wi6 2024-05-01 00:02:59.770753492 +0000
- +++ /tmp/diffy20240501-1012972-e1okh7 2024-05-01 00:02:59.770753492 +0000
- @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
- ~~- 1. How important is it?</span></p>~~
- +1. How important is it?
- Pearl millet downy mildew is a devastating disease that can totally destroy infected plants and cause up to 100% grain loss in highly susceptible cultivars. 
- ~~-<div> 2. How is it Identified?</span></div>~~
- +<div>2. How is it Identified?</div>
- The disease is readily identified by characteristic symptoms at all stages of growth. The following photographs and diagrams provide a gallery of the key symptoms to enable growers and their advisors to identify the disease in the field without a doubt, at various growth stages.
- Photos Pearl millet downy mildew set 1
- @@ -131,11 +131,11 @@
- </tbody>
- </table>
-  
- -Fig 17 & 18: When highly susceptible cultivars are exposed to high levels of disease the entire crop can be so damaged that no grain-bearing heads develop (fig 17) or the crop may be totally destroyed (Fig 18 an Indian pearl millet hybrid in Northern Nigeria with local resistant cultivar in background).
- +Fig 17 & 18: When highly susceptible cultivars are exposed to high levels of disease the entire crop can be so damaged that no grain-bearing heads develop (fig 17) or the crop may be totally destroyed (Fig 18 an Indian pearl millet hybrid in Northern Nigeria with local resistant cultivar in background).
- <table>
- <tbody>
- <tr>
- <td>
Edited by Daria Lapina at 29 November 2023, 17:37
Change in Description
- --- /tmp/diffy20240501-1012972-tnclue 2024-05-01 00:02:59.902755885 +0000
- +++ /tmp/diffy20240501-1012972-7zjtxu 2024-05-01 00:02:59.902755885 +0000
- @@ -1,155 +1,155 @@
- ~~- 1. How important is it?~~
- -
- -Pearl millet downy mildew is a <a href="https://plantsdiseaseclinic.blogspot.com/">devastating disease</a> that can totally destroy infected plants and cause up to 100% grain loss in highly susceptible cultivars. 
- -
- ~~-<div> 2. How is it Identified?</div>~~
- -
- -The disease is readily identified by characteristic symptoms at all stages of growth. The following photographs and diagrams provide a gallery of the key symptoms to enable growers and their advisors to identify the disease in the field without a doubt, at various growth stages.
- -
- ~~-Photos Pearl millet downy mildew set 1~~
- -
- - Fig 01 - 06: Tillering pearl millet plants showing chlorosis (yellowy-whitish regions) on the lower (nearest to the stems) portions of the first leaves to show symptoms. Subsequent leaves have more and more of the leaf area with the yellowy-whitish discoloration until the whole leaf is diseased.
- -
- ~~-<table>~~
- ~~- <tbody>~~
- ~~- <tr>~~
- ~~- <td>~~
- -      <img alt="" id="" longdesc="Rob Williams" src="//s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production/var/www/sites/production.plantvillage.org/releases/20171216094632/public/ckeditor_assets/pictures/47/content_content_1.png" style="width: 200px; height: 150px; border-top-left-radius: 10px; border-top-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-left-radius: 10px;" title="PMDM 01: Farmer observes downy mildew diseased pearl millet plant among healthy plants" /> <img alt="" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production-new/ckeditor_assets/pictures/103/content_RobBlogFig1p.jpg" /><img alt="" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production-new/ckeditor_assets/pictures/103/content_RobBlogFig1p.jpg" /><img alt="" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production-new/ckeditor_assets/pictures/123/content_PMDM_01.png" style="width: 300px; height: 300px;" />
- -
- -      Fig 01: Farmer observes diseased plant  
- ~~- </td>~~
- ~~- <td>~~
- - <img alt="" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production-new/ckeditor_assets/pictures/124/content_PMDM_02.png" style="width: 195px; height: 300px;" />    <img alt="" longdesc="Rob Williams" src="//s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production/var/www/sites/production.plantvillage.org/releases/20171216094632/public/ckeditor_assets/pictures/48/content_content_2.png" style="width: 200px; height: 150px; border-top-left-radius: 10px; border-top-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-left-radius: 10px;" title=" PMDM 02: Tillering pearl millet plant with typical yellowing of downy mildew diseased leaves" />
- -
- -      Fig 02: Typical yellowing symptom 
- ~~- </td>~~
- ~~- <td>~~
- -    <img alt="" longdesc="Rob Williams" src="//s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production/var/www/sites/production.plantvillage.org/releases/20171216094632/public/ckeditor_assets/pictures/49/content_content_3.png" style="width: 200px; height: 150px; border-top-left-radius: 10px; border-top-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-left-radius: 10px;" title="PMDM 03: Tillering pearl millet plant showing typical downy mildew symptoms, with lower leaves symptom free and subsequent leaves with increasing chlorosis or yellowing from the base of the leaf until the whole leaf is diseased" /><img alt="" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production-new/ckeditor_assets/pictures/125/content_PMDM_3.png" style="width: 300px; height: 217px;" />
- -
- -   Fig 03: Typical downy mildew symptoms   
- ~~- </td>~~
- ~~- </tr>~~
- ~~- <tr>~~
- ~~- <td>~~
- -      <img alt="" longdesc="Rob Williams" src="//s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production/var/www/sites/production.plantvillage.org/releases/20171216094632/public/ckeditor_assets/pictures/50/content_content_4.png" style="width: 200px; height: 150px; border-top-left-radius: 10px; border-top-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-left-radius: 10px;" title="PMDM 04: downy mildew diseased pearl millet plant (right) among non-diseased plants, The diseased plant shows yellowing or chlorosis of the infected leaves." /><img alt="" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production-new/ckeditor_assets/pictures/127/content_PMDM_4.png" style="width: 300px; height: 197px;" />
- -
- - Fig 04: Diseased plant among non-diseased plants  
- ~~- </td>~~
- ~~- <td>~~
- - <img alt="" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production-new/ckeditor_assets/pictures/128/content_PMDM_5.png" style="width: 300px; height: 460px;" />     <img alt="" longdesc="Rob Williams" src="//s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production/var/www/sites/production.plantvillage.org/releases/20171216094632/public/ckeditor_assets/pictures/51/content_content_5.png" style="width: 200px; height: 150px; border-top-left-radius: 10px; border-top-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-left-radius: 10px;" title="PMDM 05: Downy mildew diseased pearl millet plant with a characteristic white powdery appearance of spore production on the diseased leaves." />
- -
- -      Fig 05: The white powdery appearance        
- ~~- </td>~~
- ~~- <td style="white-space: nowrap;">~~
- - <img alt="" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production-new/ckeditor_assets/pictures/129/content_PMDM_6.png" style="width: 300px; height: 451px;" />    <img alt="" longdesc="Rob Williams" src="//s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production/var/www/sites/production.plantvillage.org/releases/20171216094632/public/ckeditor_assets/pictures/54/content_content_6.png" style="width: 200px; height: 150px; border-top-left-radius: 10px; border-top-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-left-radius: 10px;" title="PMDM 06: Downy mildew diseased pearl millet plant with characteristic white powdery spore production on the diseased leaves & necrosis beginning on the leaf tip & edges" />
- -
- -  Fig 06: Beginning of necrosis on the leaf tip & edges
- ~~- </td>~~
- ~~- </tr>~~
- ~~- </tbody>~~
- ~~-</table>~~
- -
- ~~- Photos Pearl millet downy mildew set 2~~
- -
- - Fig 07 - 09: Individual diseased leaves showing the characteristic white powdery or downy growth of the pathogen, which consists of microscopic spores (sporangia) and the stalks (sporangiophores) on which they develop (see Biology & Epidemiology section below).
- -
- ~~-<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1">~~
- ~~- <tbody>~~
- ~~- <tr>~~
- ~~- <td>~~
- -  <img alt="" longdesc="Rob Williams" src="//s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production/var/www/sites/production.plantvillage.org/releases/20171216094632/public/ckeditor_assets/pictures/53/content_content_PMDM_7.png" style="width: 200px; height: 150px; border-top-left-radius: 10px; border-top-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-left-radius: 10px;" title="PMDM 07: The underside of a downy mildew diseased pearl millet leaf showing the typical white powdery appearance of spore production" /><img alt="" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production-new/ckeditor_assets/pictures/130/content_PMDM_7.png" style="width: 383px; height: 277px;" />
- -
- ~~- Fig 7: White powdery on lower surface     ~~
- ~~- </td>~~
- ~~- <td>~~
- - <img alt="" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production-new/ckeditor_assets/pictures/131/content_PMDM_8.png" style="width: 198px; height: 300px;" />  <img alt="" longdesc="Rob Williams" src="//s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production/var/www/sites/production.plantvillage.org/releases/20171216094632/public/ckeditor_assets/pictures/61/content_Capture8.JPG" style="width: 200px; height: 150px; border-top-left-radius: 10px; border-top-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-left-radius: 10px;" title="PMDM 08: Downy mildew diseased pearl millet leaves showing streaks of white powdery spore production on the upper and lower surfaces of the leaves" />
- -
- -             Fig 8: Streaks of white powder
- - </td>
- - <td>
- - <img alt="" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production-new/ckeditor_assets/pictures/133/content_PMDM_9.png" style="width: 200px; height: 300px;" />  <img alt="" longdesc="Rob Williams" src="//s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production/var/www/sites/production.plantvillage.org/releases/20171216094632/public/ckeditor_assets/pictures/62/content_Capture9.JPG" style="width: 200px; height: 150px; border-top-left-radius: 10px; border-top-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-left-radius: 10px;" title="PMDM 09: The underside of a downy mildew diseased pearl millet leaf showing the typical white powdery appearance of spore production." />           
- -
- -  Fig 09: The underside of leaf showing the white powder ~~
- ~~- </td>~~
- ~~- </tr>~~
- ~~- </tbody>~~
- ~~-</table>~~
- -
- -Fig 10 - 14: Characteristic “green-ear” symptoms, with the grain-bearing heads transformed into whip-like yellow to green vegetative structures, with no grain produced. The grain-bearing heads can be fully or only partially converted to the leafy structures, and if partially transformed the diseased part is always at the base of the head.
- -
- ~~-<table>~~
- ~~- <tbody>~~
- ~~- <tr>~~
- ~~- <td>~~
- -     <img alt="" longdesc="Rob Williams" src="//s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production/var/www/sites/production.plantvillage.org/releases/20171216094632/public/ckeditor_assets/pictures/56/content_content_10.png" style="width: 200px; height: 150px; border-top-left-radius: 10px; border-top-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-left-radius: 10px;" title="PMDM 10: Downy mildew diseased pearl millet plants with characteristic “green ear” symptoms where the grain producing parts have been transformed into vegetative yellowy whip-like structures" /><img alt="" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production-new/ckeditor_assets/pictures/134/content_PMDM_10.png" style="width: 300px; height: 218px;" />
- -
- -    Fig 10:  Green ear symptoms     
- ~~- </td>~~
- ~~- <td>~~
- - <img alt="" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production-new/ckeditor_assets/pictures/135/content_PMDM_11.png" style="width: 300px; height: 219px;" />     <img alt="" longdesc="Rob Williams" src="//s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production/var/www/sites/production.plantvillage.org/releases/20171216094632/public/ckeditor_assets/pictures/57/content_content_11.png" style="width: 200px; height: 150px; border-top-left-radius: 10px; border-top-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-left-radius: 10px;" title="PMDM 11: Comparison of healthy grain-bearing pearl millet heads on the left with a downy mildew diseased “green ear” on the right" />
- -
- -            Fig 11: Healthy vs diseased head    
- ~~- </td>~~
- ~~- <td>~~
- - <img alt="" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production-new/ckeditor_assets/pictures/136/content_PMDM_12.png" style="width: 275px; height: 380px;" />    <img alt="" longdesc="Rob Williams" src="//s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production/var/www/sites/production.plantvillage.org/releases/20171216094632/public/ckeditor_assets/pictures/58/content_content_12.png" style="width: 200px; height: 150px; border-top-left-radius: 10px; border-top-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-left-radius: 10px;" title="PMDM 12: A “green ear” on a downy mildew diseased pearl millet plant where the entire grain-bearing parts have been transformed into vegetative leaf- & whip-like structures, so there is no grain produced." />  
- -
- ~~- Fig 12: Transformation of grain-bearing parts ~~
- ~~- </td>~~
- ~~- </tr>~~
- ~~- <tr>~~
- ~~- <td>~~
- -     <img alt="" longdesc="Rob Williams" src="//s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production/var/www/sites/production.plantvillage.org/releases/20171216094632/public/ckeditor_assets/pictures/59/content_content_13.png" style="width: 200px; height: 150px; border-top-left-radius: 10px; border-top-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-left-radius: 10px;" title="PMDM 13: A “green ear” on a downy mildew diseased pearl millet plant where the entire grain-bearing parts have been transformed into vegetative whip-like structures so there is no grain produced." /><img alt="" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production-new/ckeditor_assets/pictures/137/content_PMDM_13.png" style="width: 348px; height: 528px;" />
- -
- ~~- Fig 13: Transformed into vegetative structures~~
- ~~- </td>~~
- ~~- <td>~~
- -        <img alt="" longdesc="Rob Williams" src="//s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production/var/www/sites/production.plantvillage.org/releases/20171216094632/public/ckeditor_assets/pictures/60/content_content_14-11.png" style="width: 200px; height: 150px; border-top-left-radius: 10px; border-top-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-left-radius: 10px;" title="PMDM 14: A partial “green ear” on a pearl millet plant on which the lower part of the ear is diseased and shows the typical whip-like vegetative structures, and the upper portion of the ear is healthy and is producing grain [photo courtesy ICRISAT]" /><img alt="" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production-new/ckeditor_assets/pictures/139/content_PMDM_14.png" style="width: 504px; height: 300px;" />
- -
- -                    Fig 14: A partial “green ear” 
- ~~- </td>~~
- ~~- <td> </td>~~
- ~~- </tr>~~
- ~~- </tbody>~~
- ~~-</table>~~
- -
- -Fig 15 & 16: When the disease develops in young plants it can completely kill the diseased plants or individual tillers, leaving gaps in the crop, with non-diseased plants adjacent.
- -
- ~~-<table>~~
- ~~- <tbody>~~
- ~~- <tr>~~
- ~~- <td>~~
- - <img alt="" longdesc="Rob Williams" src="//s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production/var/www/sites/production.plantvillage.org/releases/20171216094632/public/ckeditor_assets/pictures/63/content_Screen_Shot_2018-01-10_at_10.08.58_AM.jpg" style="width: 200px; height: 150px; border-top-left-radius: 10px; border-top-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-left-radius: 10px;" title="PMDM 15: The centre row is a highly downy-mildew susceptible perl millet cultivar sown between two earlier sown rows of the same cultivar, showing that infection at seedling stage can result in plants dying and disappearing. the diseased plants in the two adjacent rows are showing browning and necrosis as the infected leaves die and the pathogen develops thick-walled resting spores in the necrotic tissue." /><img alt="" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production-new/ckeditor_assets/pictures/140/content_PMDM_15.png" style="width: 300px; height: 198px;" />
- -
- ~~- Fig 15: Susceptible cultivars showing symptoms.        ~~
- ~~- </td>~~
- ~~- <td>~~
- - <img alt="" longdesc="Rob Williams" src="//s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production/var/www/sites/production.plantvillage.org/releases/20171216094632/public/ckeditor_assets/pictures/64/content_Screen_Shot_2018-01-10_at_10.09.10_AM.jpg" style="width: 200px; height: 150px; border-top-left-radius: 10px; border-top-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-left-radius: 10px;" title="PMDM 16: Two rows of pearl millet with several plants severely diseased by downy mildew, showing yellowed & necrotic leaves and no grain-bearing heads, as well as gaps in the rows where downy mildew diseased plants have died and disappeared. Some non-diseased plants at the far end of the rows have been bagged to prevent cross-pollination so that seed can be collected to produce downy mildew-resistant strains." /><img alt="" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production-new/ckeditor_assets/pictures/141/content_PMDM_16_.png" style="width: 400px; height: 288px;" />
- -
- ~~- Fig 16: Diseased plants with no grain-bearing heads~~
- ~~- </td>~~
- ~~- </tr>~~
- ~~- </tbody>~~
- ~~-</table>~~
- -
- ~~- ~~
- -
- -Fig 17 & 18: When highly susceptible cultivars are exposed to high levels of disease the entire crop can be so damaged that no grain-bearing heads develop (fig 17) or the crop may be totally destroyed (Fig 18 an Indian pearl millet hybrid in Northern Nigeria with local resistant cultivar in background).
- -
- ~~-<table>~~
- ~~- <tbody>~~
- ~~- <tr>~~
- ~~- <td>~~
- - <img alt="" longdesc=" Rob Williams" src="//s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production/var/www/sites/production.plantvillage.org/releases/20171216094632/public/ckeditor_assets/pictures/65/content_Screen_Shot_2018-01-10_at_11.09.09_AM.jpg" style="width: 200px; height: 150px; border-top-left-radius: 10px; border-top-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-left-radius: 10px;" title="PMDM 17: Two rows of a highly downy mildew susceptible cultivar (right) showing a mix of chlorotic and necrotic leaves and no grain-bearing heads, in comparison with two rows of downy mildew resistant non-diseased plants (left) with the leaves still green and all the plants have produced grain-bearing heads." /><img alt="" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production-new/ckeditor_assets/pictures/142/content_PMDM_17_.png" style="width: 300px; height: 202px;" />
- -
- - Fig 17: Resistant vs highly susceptible cultivar              
- ~~- </td>~~
- ~~- <td>~~
- - <img alt="" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production-new/ckeditor_assets/pictures/143/content_PMDM_18_.png" style="width: 400px; height: 299px;" /><img alt="" longdesc="Rob Williams" src="//s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production/var/www/sites/production.plantvillage.org/releases/20171216094632/public/ckeditor_assets/pictures/66/content_Screen_Shot_2018-01-10_at_11.09.27_AM.jpg" style="width: 200px; height: 150px; border-top-left-radius: 10px; border-top-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-left-radius: 10px;" title="PMDM 18: In the foreground dead remains of an Indian pearl millet hybrid killed by downy mildew in a trial at Kano in Northern Nigeria" />
- -
- ~~- Fig 18: Dead remain of diseased hybrid plants~~
- ~~- </td>~~
- ~~- </tr>~~
- ~~- </tbody>~~
- ~~-</table>~~
- -
- ~~- 
- + 1. How important is it?
- +
- +Pearl millet downy mildew is a devastating disease that can totally destroy infected plants and cause up to 100% grain loss in highly susceptible cultivars. 
- +
- +<div> 2. How is it Identified?</div>
- +
- +The disease is readily identified by characteristic symptoms at all stages of growth. The following photographs and diagrams provide a gallery of the key symptoms to enable growers and their advisors to identify the disease in the field without a doubt, at various growth stages.
- +
- +Photos Pearl millet downy mildew set 1
- +
- + Fig 01 - 06: Tillering pearl millet plants showing chlorosis (yellowy-whitish regions) on the lower (nearest to the stems) portions of the first leaves to show symptoms. Subsequent leaves have more and more of the leaf area with the yellowy-whitish discoloration until the whole leaf is diseased.
- +
- +<table>
- + <tbody>
- + <tr>
- + <td>
- +       <img alt="" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production-new/ckeditor_assets/pictures/103/content_RobBlogFig1p.jpg" /><img alt="" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production-new/ckeditor_assets/pictures/103/content_RobBlogFig1p.jpg" /><img alt="" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production-new/ckeditor_assets/pictures/123/content_PMDM_01.png" style="width: 300px; height: 300px;" />
- +
- +      Fig 01: Farmer observes diseased plant  
- + </td>
- + <td>
- + <img alt="" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production-new/ckeditor_assets/pictures/124/content_PMDM_02.png" style="width: 195px; height: 300px;" />    </p>
- +
- +      Fig 02: Typical yellowing symptom 
- + </td>
- + <td>
- +    <img alt="" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production-new/ckeditor_assets/pictures/125/content_PMDM_3.png" style="width: 300px; height: 217px;" />
- +
- +   Fig 03: Typical downy mildew symptoms   
- + </td>
- + </tr>
- + <tr>
- + <td>
- +      <img alt="" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production-new/ckeditor_assets/pictures/127/content_PMDM_4.png" style="width: 300px; height: 197px;" />
- +
- + Fig 04: Diseased plant among non-diseased plants  
- + </td>
- + <td>
- + <img alt="" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production-new/ckeditor_assets/pictures/128/content_PMDM_5.png" style="width: 300px; height: 460px;" />     </p>
- +
- +      Fig 05: The white powdery appearance        
- + </td>
- + <td style="white-space: nowrap;">
- + <img alt="" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production-new/ckeditor_assets/pictures/129/content_PMDM_6.png" style="width: 300px; height: 451px;" />    </p>
- +
- +  Fig 06: Beginning of necrosis on the leaf tip & edges
- + </td>
- + </tr>
- + </tbody>
- +</table>
- +
- + Photos Pearl millet downy mildew set 2
- +
- + Fig 07 - 09: Individual diseased leaves showing the characteristic white powdery or downy growth of the pathogen, which consists of microscopic spores (sporangia) and the stalks (sporangiophores) on which they develop (see Biology & Epidemiology section below).
- +
- +<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1">
- + <tbody>
- + <tr>
- + <td>
- +  <img alt="" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production-new/ckeditor_assets/pictures/130/content_PMDM_7.png" style="width: 383px; height: 277px;" />
- +
- + Fig 7: White powdery on lower surface     
- + </td>
- + <td>
- + <img alt="" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production-new/ckeditor_assets/pictures/131/content_PMDM_8.png" style="width: 198px; height: 300px;" />  
- +
- +             Fig 8: Streaks of white powder
- + </td>
- + <td>
- + <img alt="" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production-new/ckeditor_assets/pictures/133/content_PMDM_9.png" style="width: 200px; height: 300px;" />             
- +
- +  Fig 09: The underside of leaf showing the white powder 
- + </td>
- + </tr>
- + </tbody>
- +</table>
- +
- +Fig 10 - 14: Characteristic “green-ear” symptoms, with the grain-bearing heads transformed into whip-like yellow to green vegetative structures, with no grain produced. The grain-bearing heads can be fully or only partially converted to the leafy structures, and if partially transformed the diseased part is always at the base of the head.
- +
- +<table>
- + <tbody>
- + <tr>
- + <td>
- +     <img alt="" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production-new/ckeditor_assets/pictures/134/content_PMDM_10.png" style="width: 300px; height: 218px;" />
- +
- +    Fig 10:  Green ear symptoms     
- + </td>
- + <td>
- + <img alt="" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production-new/ckeditor_assets/pictures/135/content_PMDM_11.png" style="width: 300px; height: 219px;" />     </p>
- +
- +            Fig 11: Healthy vs diseased head    
- + </td>
- + <td>
- + <img alt="" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production-new/ckeditor_assets/pictures/136/content_PMDM_12.png" style="width: 275px; height: 380px;" />      
- +
- + Fig 12: Transformation of grain-bearing parts 
- + </td>
- + </tr>
- + <tr>
- + <td>
- +     <img alt="" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production-new/ckeditor_assets/pictures/137/content_PMDM_13.png" style="width: 348px; height: 528px;" />
- +
- + Fig 13: Transformed into vegetative structures
- + </td>
- + <td>
- +        <img alt="" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production-new/ckeditor_assets/pictures/139/content_PMDM_14.png" style="width: 504px; height: 300px;" />
- +
- +                    Fig 14: A partial “green ear” 
- + </td>
- + <td> </td>
- + </tr>
- + </tbody>
- +</table>
- +
- +Fig 15 & 16: When the disease develops in young plants it can completely kill the diseased plants or individual tillers, leaving gaps in the crop, with non-diseased plants adjacent.
- +
- +<table>
- + <tbody>
- + <tr>
- + <td>
- + <img alt="" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production-new/ckeditor_assets/pictures/140/content_PMDM_15.png" style="width: 300px; height: 198px;" />
- +
- + Fig 15: Susceptible cultivars showing symptoms.        
- + </td>
- + <td>
- + <img alt="" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production-new/ckeditor_assets/pictures/141/content_PMDM_16_.png" style="width: 400px; height: 288px;" />
- +
- + Fig 16: Diseased plants with no grain-bearing heads
- + </td>
- + </tr>
- + </tbody>
- +</table>
- +
- + 
- +
- +Fig 17 & 18: When highly susceptible cultivars are exposed to high levels of disease the entire crop can be so damaged that no grain-bearing heads develop (fig 17) or the crop may be totally destroyed (Fig 18 an Indian pearl millet hybrid in Northern Nigeria with local resistant cultivar in background).
- +
- +<table>
- + <tbody>
- + <tr>
- + <td>
- + <img alt="" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production-new/ckeditor_assets/pictures/142/content_PMDM_17_.png" style="width: 300px; height: 202px;" />
- +
- + Fig 17: Resistant vs highly susceptible cultivar              
- + </td>
- + <td>
- + <img alt="" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production-new/ckeditor_assets/pictures/143/content_PMDM_18_.png" style="width: 400px; height: 299px;" /></p>
- +
- + Fig 18: Dead remain of diseased hybrid plants
- + </td>
- + </tr>
- + </tbody>
- +</table>
- +
- + 
Edited by Daria Lapina at 29 November 2023, 17:36
Change in Description
- --- /tmp/diffy20240501-1012972-is87tl 2024-05-01 00:03:01.678788078 +0000
- +++ /tmp/diffy20240501-1012972-pjveah 2024-05-01 00:03:01.678788078 +0000
- @@ -1,155 +1,155 @@
- -<span style="font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><strong>&nbsp;1.&amp;nbsp;How important is it?</strong>
- -
- -Pearl millet downy mildew is a <a href="https://plantsdiseaseclinic.blogspot.com/">devastating&amp;nbsp;disease</a> that can totally destroy infected plants and cause up to 100% grain loss in highly susceptible cultivars.&amp;nbsp;
- -
- -<div><span style="font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><strong>&nbsp;2.&amp;nbsp;How is it Identified?</strong></div>
- -
- -<p style="text-align: justify;">The disease is readily identified by&amp;nbsp;characteristic symptoms at all stages of growth. The following&amp;nbsp;photographs and diagrams provide a gallery of the key symptoms to enable growers and their advisors to identify the disease in the field&amp;nbsp;without a doubt, at various growth stages.
- -
- ~~-<strong>Photos Pearl millet downy mildew set 1~~
- -
- -<strong>&nbsp;Fig 01 - 06:</strong>&nbsp;Tillering pearl millet plants showing chlorosis&amp;nbsp;(yellowy-whitish regions) on the lower (nearest to the stems) portions of&amp;nbsp;the first leaves to show symptoms. Subsequent leaves have more and&amp;nbsp;more of the leaf area with the yellowy-whitish discoloration until&amp;nbsp;the&amp;nbsp;whole leaf is diseased.
- -
- ~~-<table> ~~
- ~~- <tbody> ~~
- -   <tr> 
- -     <td> 
- -     <span style="font-size:11px;">&nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;<img alt="" id="" longdesc="Rob Williams" src="//s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production/var/www/sites/production.plantvillage.org/releases/20171216094632/public/ckeditor_assets/pictures/47/content_content_1.png" style="width: 200px; height: 150px; border-top-left-radius: 10px; border-top-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-left-radius: 10px;" title="PMDM 01: Farmer observes downy mildew diseased pearl millet plant among healthy plants" />&nbsp;<img alt="" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production-new/ckeditor_assets/pictures/103/content_RobBlogFig1p.jpg" /><img alt="" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production-new/ckeditor_assets/pictures/103/content_RobBlogFig1p.jpg" /><img alt="" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production-new/ckeditor_assets/pictures/123/content_PMDM_01.png" style="width: 300px; height: 300px;" /></span>
- -
- -     <span style="font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size:12px;"><span style="font-size:11px;">&nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Fig 01: Farmer observes diseased&amp;nbsp;plant &amp;nbsp;</span> 
- -     </td> 
- -     <td> 
- -     <img alt="" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production-new/ckeditor_assets/pictures/124/content_PMDM_02.png" style="width: 195px; height: 300px;" />&nbsp; &nbsp;&amp;nbsp;<img alt="" longdesc="Rob Williams" src="//s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production/var/www/sites/production.plantvillage.org/releases/20171216094632/public/ckeditor_assets/pictures/48/content_content_2.png" style="width: 200px; height: 150px; border-top-left-radius: 10px; border-top-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-left-radius: 10px;" title=" PMDM 02: Tillering pearl millet plant with typical yellowing of downy mildew diseased leaves" />
- -
- -     &nbsp;<span style="font-size:11px;">&nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</span><span style="font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size:11px;">Fig 02: Typical&amp;nbsp;yellowing symptom&amp;nbsp;</span> 
- -     </td> 
- -     <td> 
- -     &nbsp; &amp;nbsp;<img alt="" longdesc="Rob Williams" src="//s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production/var/www/sites/production.plantvillage.org/releases/20171216094632/public/ckeditor_assets/pictures/49/content_content_3.png" style="width: 200px; height: 150px; border-top-left-radius: 10px; border-top-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-left-radius: 10px;" title="PMDM 03: Tillering pearl millet plant showing typical downy mildew symptoms, with lower leaves symptom free and subsequent leaves with increasing chlorosis or yellowing from the base of the leaf until the whole leaf is diseased" /><img alt="" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production-new/ckeditor_assets/pictures/125/content_PMDM_3.png" style="width: 300px; height: 217px;" />
- -
- -     &nbsp; <span style="font-size:12px;"><span style="font-size:11px;"><span style="font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Fig&nbsp;03:&amp;nbsp;Typical downy mildew symptoms&amp;nbsp;</span><span style="font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> </span>&nbsp;</span> 
- -     </td> 
- -   </tr> 
- -   <tr> 
- -     <td> 
- -     &nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;<img alt="" longdesc="Rob Williams" src="//s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production/var/www/sites/production.plantvillage.org/releases/20171216094632/public/ckeditor_assets/pictures/50/content_content_4.png" style="width: 200px; height: 150px; border-top-left-radius: 10px; border-top-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-left-radius: 10px;" title="PMDM 04: downy mildew diseased pearl millet plant (right) among non-diseased plants, The diseased plant shows yellowing or chlorosis of the infected leaves." /><img alt="" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production-new/ckeditor_assets/pictures/127/content_PMDM_4.png" style="width: 300px; height: 197px;" />
- -
- -     <span style="font-size:11px;"><span style="font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Fig 04: Diseased&amp;nbsp;plant&amp;nbsp;among non-diseased plants </span><span style="font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">&nbsp;</span> 
- -     </td> 
- -     <td> 
- -     <img alt="" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production-new/ckeditor_assets/pictures/128/content_PMDM_5.png" style="width: 300px; height: 460px;" />&nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;<img alt="" longdesc="Rob Williams" src="//s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production/var/www/sites/production.plantvillage.org/releases/20171216094632/public/ckeditor_assets/pictures/51/content_content_5.png" style="width: 200px; height: 150px; border-top-left-radius: 10px; border-top-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-left-radius: 10px;" title="PMDM 05: Downy mildew diseased pearl millet plant with a characteristic white powdery appearance of spore production on the diseased leaves." />
- -
- -     &nbsp; &amp;nbsp; <span style="font-size:11px;">&nbsp;<span style="font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Fig 05: The white powdery&amp;nbsp;appearance<span style="font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size:11px;">&nbsp;</span>&nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;</span> 
- -     </td> 
- -     <td style="white-space: nowrap;"> 
- -     <img alt="" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production-new/ckeditor_assets/pictures/129/content_PMDM_6.png" style="width: 300px; height: 451px;" />&nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;<img alt="" longdesc="Rob Williams" src="//s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production/var/www/sites/production.plantvillage.org/releases/20171216094632/public/ckeditor_assets/pictures/54/content_content_6.png" style="width: 200px; height: 150px; border-top-left-radius: 10px; border-top-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-left-radius: 10px;" title="PMDM 06: Downy mildew diseased pearl millet plant with  characteristic white powdery spore production on the diseased leaves &amp; necrosis beginning on the leaf tip &amp; edges" />
- -
- -     <span style="font-size:11px;"><span style="font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">&nbsp;Fig 06: Beginning of necrosis on the leaf tip </span><span style="font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">&amp; </span><span style="font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">edges 
- -     </td> 
- -   </tr> 
- ~~- </tbody> ~~
- ~~-</table>~~
- -
- ~~-<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>&nbsp;Photos Pearl millet downy mildew set 2~~
- -
- -<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>&nbsp;Fig 07 - 09:</strong>&nbsp;Individual diseased leaves showing the characteristic white powdery or downy growth of the pathogen, which consists of microscopic spores (sporangia) and the stalks (sporangiophores) on which they develop (see Biology &amp; Epidemiology section below).
- -
- -<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1"> 
- ~~- <tbody> ~~
- -   <tr> 
- -     <td> 
- -     &nbsp;<img alt="" longdesc="Rob Williams" src="//s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production/var/www/sites/production.plantvillage.org/releases/20171216094632/public/ckeditor_assets/pictures/53/content_content_PMDM_7.png" style="width: 200px; height: 150px; border-top-left-radius: 10px; border-top-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-left-radius: 10px;" title="PMDM 07: The underside of a downy mildew diseased pearl millet leaf showing the typical white powdery appearance of spore production" /><img alt="" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production-new/ckeditor_assets/pictures/130/content_PMDM_7.png" style="width: 383px; height: 277px;" />
- -
- -     <span style="font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size:10px;">Fig 7: White powdery on lower surface&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;</span> 
- -     </td> 
- -     <td> 
- -     <img alt="" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production-new/ckeditor_assets/pictures/131/content_PMDM_8.png" style="width: 198px; height: 300px;" />&nbsp;&amp;nbsp;<img alt="" longdesc="Rob Williams" src="//s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production/var/www/sites/production.plantvillage.org/releases/20171216094632/public/ckeditor_assets/pictures/61/content_Capture8.JPG" style="width: 200px; height: 150px; border-top-left-radius: 10px; border-top-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-left-radius: 10px;" title="PMDM 08: Downy mildew diseased pearl millet leaves showing streaks of white powdery spore production on the upper and lower surfaces of the leaves" />
- -
- -     <p dir="ltr"><span style="font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size:10px;">&nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; Fig 8: Streaks of white powder 
- -     </td> 
- -     <td> 
- -     <img alt="" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production-new/ckeditor_assets/pictures/133/content_PMDM_9.png" style="width: 200px; height: 300px;" />&nbsp;&amp;nbsp;<img alt="" longdesc="Rob Williams" src="//s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production/var/www/sites/production.plantvillage.org/releases/20171216094632/public/ckeditor_assets/pictures/62/content_Capture9.JPG" style="width: 200px; height: 150px; border-top-left-radius: 10px; border-top-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-left-radius: 10px;" title="PMDM 09: The underside of a downy mildew diseased pearl millet leaf showing the typical white powdery appearance of spore production." />&nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;
- -
- -     <p dir="ltr"><span style="font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size:10px;">&nbsp;Fig 09: The underside of leaf showing the&amp;nbsp;white powder&amp;nbsp;</span> 
- -     </td> 
- -   </tr> 
- ~~- </tbody> ~~
- ~~-</table>~~
- -
- -<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Fig 10 - 14:</strong>&nbsp;Characteristic &amp;ldquo;green-ear&amp;rdquo; symptoms, with the&amp;nbsp;grain-bearing heads transformed into whip-like yellow to green&amp;nbsp;vegetative structures, with no grain produced. The grain-bearing heads&amp;nbsp;can be fully or only partially converted to the leafy structures, and if&amp;nbsp;partially transformed the diseased part is always at the base of the&amp;nbsp;head.
- -
- ~~-<table> ~~
- ~~- <tbody> ~~
- -   <tr> 
- -     <td> 
- -     &nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;<img alt="" longdesc="Rob Williams" src="//s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production/var/www/sites/production.plantvillage.org/releases/20171216094632/public/ckeditor_assets/pictures/56/content_content_10.png" style="width: 200px; height: 150px; border-top-left-radius: 10px; border-top-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-left-radius: 10px;" title="PMDM 10: Downy mildew diseased pearl millet plants with characteristic “green ear” symptoms where the grain producing parts have been transformed into vegetative yellowy whip-like structures" /><img alt="" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production-new/ckeditor_assets/pictures/134/content_PMDM_10.png" style="width: 300px; height: 218px;" />
- -
- -     <span style="font-size:11px;"><span style="font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">&nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Fig 10:&amp;nbsp; Green ear&amp;nbsp;symptoms&amp;nbsp;</span> &nbsp; &amp;nbsp;</span> 
- -     </td> 
- -     <td> 
- -     <img alt="" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production-new/ckeditor_assets/pictures/135/content_PMDM_11.png" style="width: 300px; height: 219px;" />&nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;<img alt="" longdesc="Rob Williams" src="//s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production/var/www/sites/production.plantvillage.org/releases/20171216094632/public/ckeditor_assets/pictures/57/content_content_11.png" style="width: 200px; height: 150px; border-top-left-radius: 10px; border-top-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-left-radius: 10px;" title="PMDM 11: Comparison of healthy grain-bearing pearl millet heads on the left with a downy mildew diseased “green ear” on the right" />
- -
- -     <span style="font-size:10px;">&nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;</span><span style="font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> &nbsp;Fig 11: Healthy vs diseased&amp;nbsp;head<span style="font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size:11px;">&nbsp;</span> &nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</span> 
- -     </td> 
- -     <td> 
- -     <img alt="" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production-new/ckeditor_assets/pictures/136/content_PMDM_12.png" style="width: 275px; height: 380px;" />&nbsp; &amp;nbsp; <img alt="" longdesc="Rob Williams" src="//s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production/var/www/sites/production.plantvillage.org/releases/20171216094632/public/ckeditor_assets/pictures/58/content_content_12.png" style="width: 200px; height: 150px; border-top-left-radius: 10px; border-top-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-left-radius: 10px;" title="PMDM 12: A “green ear” on a downy mildew diseased pearl millet plant where the entire grain-bearing parts have been transformed into vegetative leaf- &amp; whip-like structures, so there is no grain produced." />&nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
- -
- -     <span style="font-size:11px;"><span style="font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Fig 12: Transformation of grain-bearing&amp;nbsp;parts </span> 
- -     </td> 
- -   </tr> 
- -   <tr> 
- -     <td> 
- -     &nbsp; &amp;nbsp; <img alt="" longdesc="Rob Williams" src="//s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production/var/www/sites/production.plantvillage.org/releases/20171216094632/public/ckeditor_assets/pictures/59/content_content_13.png" style="width: 200px; height: 150px; border-top-left-radius: 10px; border-top-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-left-radius: 10px;" title="PMDM 13: A “green ear” on a downy mildew diseased pearl millet plant where the entire grain-bearing parts have been transformed into vegetative whip-like structures so there is no grain produced." /><img alt="" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production-new/ckeditor_assets/pictures/137/content_PMDM_13.png" style="width: 348px; height: 528px;" />
- -
- -     <span style="font-size:11px;"><span style="font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Fig 13: Transformed into vegetative&amp;nbsp;structures 
- -     </td> 
- -     <td> 
- -     <span style="font-size:10px;">&nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;<img alt="" longdesc="Rob Williams" src="//s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production/var/www/sites/production.plantvillage.org/releases/20171216094632/public/ckeditor_assets/pictures/60/content_content_14-11.png" style="width: 200px; height: 150px; border-top-left-radius: 10px; border-top-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-left-radius: 10px;" title="PMDM 14: A partial “green ear” on a pearl millet plant on which the lower part of the ear is diseased and shows the typical whip-like vegetative structures, and the upper portion of the ear is healthy and is producing grain [photo courtesy ICRISAT]" /><img alt="" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production-new/ckeditor_assets/pictures/139/content_PMDM_14.png" style="width: 504px; height: 300px;" /></span>
- -
- -     <span style="font-size:10px;">&nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; </span><span style="font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Fig 14: A partial &amp;ldquo;green ear&amp;rdquo;&amp;nbsp;</span> 
- -     </td> 
- -     <td>&nbsp;</td> 
- -   </tr> 
- ~~- </tbody> ~~
- ~~-</table>~~
- -
- -<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Fig 15 &amp; 16:&amp;nbsp;</strong>When the disease develops in young plants it can completely kill the diseased plants or individual tillers, leaving gaps in the crop, with non-diseased plants adjacent.
- -
- ~~-<table> ~~
- ~~- <tbody> ~~
- -   <tr> 
- -     <td> 
- -     <img alt="" longdesc="Rob Williams" src="//s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production/var/www/sites/production.plantvillage.org/releases/20171216094632/public/ckeditor_assets/pictures/63/content_Screen_Shot_2018-01-10_at_10.08.58_AM.jpg" style="width: 200px; height: 150px; border-top-left-radius: 10px; border-top-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-left-radius: 10px;" title="PMDM 15: The centre row is a highly downy-mildew susceptible perl millet cultivar sown between two earlier sown rows of the same cultivar, showing that infection at seedling stage can result in plants dying and disappearing. the diseased plants in the two adjacent rows are showing browning and necrosis as the infected leaves die and the pathogen develops thick-walled resting spores in the necrotic tissue." /><img alt="" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production-new/ckeditor_assets/pictures/140/content_PMDM_15.png" style="width: 300px; height: 198px;" />
- -
- -     <span style="font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size:11px;">Fig 15: Susceptible cultivars showing&amp;nbsp;symptoms. &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;</span> 
- -     </td> 
- -     <td> 
- -     <img alt="" longdesc="Rob Williams" src="//s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production/var/www/sites/production.plantvillage.org/releases/20171216094632/public/ckeditor_assets/pictures/64/content_Screen_Shot_2018-01-10_at_10.09.10_AM.jpg" style="width: 200px; height: 150px; border-top-left-radius: 10px; border-top-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-left-radius: 10px;" title="PMDM 16: Two rows of pearl millet with several plants severely diseased by downy mildew, showing yellowed &amp; necrotic leaves and no grain-bearing heads, as well as gaps in the rows where downy mildew diseased plants have died and disappeared. Some non-diseased plants at the far end of the rows have been bagged to prevent cross-pollination so that seed can be collected to produce downy mildew-resistant strains." /><img alt="" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production-new/ckeditor_assets/pictures/141/content_PMDM_16_.png" style="width: 400px; height: 288px;" />
- -
- -     <span style="font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size:11px;">Fig 16: Diseased plants with no grain-bearing heads 
- -     </td> 
- -   </tr> 
- ~~- </tbody> ~~
- ~~-</table>~~
- -
- ~~-&lt;p>&nbsp;~~
- -
- -<p style="text-align: justify;">Fig 17 &amp; 18: When highly susceptible cultivars are exposed to high levels of disease the entire crop can be so damaged that no grain-bearing heads develop (fig 17) or the crop may be totally destroyed (Fig 18 an Indian pearl millet hybrid in Northern Nigeria with local resistant cultivar in background).
- -
- ~~-<table> ~~
- ~~- <tbody> ~~
- -   <tr> 
- -     <td> 
- -     <img alt="" longdesc=" Rob Williams" src="//s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production/var/www/sites/production.plantvillage.org/releases/20171216094632/public/ckeditor_assets/pictures/65/content_Screen_Shot_2018-01-10_at_11.09.09_AM.jpg" style="width: 200px; height: 150px; border-top-left-radius: 10px; border-top-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-left-radius: 10px;" title="PMDM 17: Two rows of a highly downy mildew susceptible cultivar (right) showing a mix of chlorotic and necrotic leaves and no grain-bearing heads, in comparison with two rows of downy mildew resistant non-diseased plants (left) with the leaves still green and all the plants have produced grain-bearing heads." /><img alt="" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production-new/ckeditor_assets/pictures/142/content_PMDM_17_.png" style="width: 300px; height: 202px;" />
- -
- -     <span style="font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size:11px;">Fig 17: Resistant vs highly susceptible cultivar&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</span> 
- -     </td> 
- -     <td> 
- -     <img alt="" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production-new/ckeditor_assets/pictures/143/content_PMDM_18_.png" style="width: 400px; height: 299px;" /><img alt="" longdesc="Rob Williams" src="//s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production/var/www/sites/production.plantvillage.org/releases/20171216094632/public/ckeditor_assets/pictures/66/content_Screen_Shot_2018-01-10_at_11.09.27_AM.jpg" style="width: 200px; height: 150px; border-top-left-radius: 10px; border-top-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-left-radius: 10px;" title="PMDM 18: In the foreground dead remains of an Indian pearl millet hybrid killed by downy mildew in a trial at Kano in Northern Nigeria" />
- -
- -     <span style="font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size:11px;">Fig 18: Dead remain of diseased hybrid plants 
- -     </td> 
- -   </tr> 
- ~~- </tbody> ~~
- ~~-</table>~~
- -
- ~~-&lt;p>&nbsp;~~
- +<span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><strong> 1. How important is it?
- +
- +Pearl millet downy mildew is a <a href="https://plantsdiseaseclinic.blogspot.com/">devastating disease</a> that can totally destroy infected plants and cause up to 100% grain loss in highly susceptible cultivars. 
- +
- +<div><span style="font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><strong> 2. How is it Identified?</div>
- +
- +The disease is readily identified by characteristic symptoms at all stages of growth. The following photographs and diagrams provide a gallery of the key symptoms to enable growers and their advisors to identify the disease in the field without a doubt, at various growth stages.
- +
- +Photos Pearl millet downy mildew set 1
- +
- + Fig 01 - 06: Tillering pearl millet plants showing chlorosis (yellowy-whitish regions) on the lower (nearest to the stems) portions of the first leaves to show symptoms. Subsequent leaves have more and more of the leaf area with the yellowy-whitish discoloration until the whole leaf is diseased.
- +
- +<table>
- + <tbody>
- + <tr>
- + <td>
- + <span style="font-size:11px;">&nbsp;    <img alt="" id="" longdesc="Rob Williams" src="//s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production/var/www/sites/production.plantvillage.org/releases/20171216094632/public/ckeditor_assets/pictures/47/content_content_1.png" style="width: 200px; height: 150px; border-top-left-radius: 10px; border-top-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-left-radius: 10px;" title="PMDM 01: Farmer observes downy mildew diseased pearl millet plant among healthy plants" /> <img alt="" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production-new/ckeditor_assets/pictures/103/content_RobBlogFig1p.jpg" /><img alt="" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production-new/ckeditor_assets/pictures/103/content_RobBlogFig1p.jpg" /><img alt="" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production-new/ckeditor_assets/pictures/123/content_PMDM_01.png" style="width: 300px; height: 300px;" /></span>
- +
- + <span style="font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size:12px;"><span style="font-size:11px;">&nbsp;    Fig 01: Farmer observes diseased plant  
- + </td>
- + <td>
- + <img alt="" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production-new/ckeditor_assets/pictures/124/content_PMDM_02.png" style="width: 195px; height: 300px;" />&nbsp; &nbsp; <img alt="" longdesc="Rob Williams" src="//s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production/var/www/sites/production.plantvillage.org/releases/20171216094632/public/ckeditor_assets/pictures/48/content_content_2.png" style="width: 200px; height: 150px; border-top-left-radius: 10px; border-top-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-left-radius: 10px;" title=" PMDM 02: Tillering pearl millet plant with typical yellowing of downy mildew diseased leaves" />
- +
- + &nbsp;<span style="font-size:11px;">&nbsp;   </span><span style="font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size:11px;">Fig 02: Typical yellowing symptom 
- + </td>
- + <td>
- + &nbsp;  <img alt="" longdesc="Rob Williams" src="//s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production/var/www/sites/production.plantvillage.org/releases/20171216094632/public/ckeditor_assets/pictures/49/content_content_3.png" style="width: 200px; height: 150px; border-top-left-radius: 10px; border-top-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-left-radius: 10px;" title="PMDM 03: Tillering pearl millet plant showing typical downy mildew symptoms, with lower leaves symptom free and subsequent leaves with increasing chlorosis or yellowing from the base of the leaf until the whole leaf is diseased" /><img alt="" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production-new/ckeditor_assets/pictures/125/content_PMDM_3.png" style="width: 300px; height: 217px;" />
- +
- + &nbsp; <span style="font-size:12px;"><span style="font-size:11px;"><span style="font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Fig&nbsp;03: Typical downy mildew symptoms </span><span style="font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> </span> </span>
- + </td>
- + </tr>
- + <tr>
- + <td>
- + &nbsp;    <img alt="" longdesc="Rob Williams" src="//s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production/var/www/sites/production.plantvillage.org/releases/20171216094632/public/ckeditor_assets/pictures/50/content_content_4.png" style="width: 200px; height: 150px; border-top-left-radius: 10px; border-top-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-left-radius: 10px;" title="PMDM 04: downy mildew diseased pearl millet plant (right) among non-diseased plants, The diseased plant shows yellowing or chlorosis of the infected leaves." /><img alt="" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production-new/ckeditor_assets/pictures/127/content_PMDM_4.png" style="width: 300px; height: 197px;" />
- +
- + <span style="font-size:11px;"><span style="font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Fig 04: Diseased plant among non-diseased plants </span><span style="font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">&nbsp;</span>
- + </td>
- + <td>
- + <img alt="" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production-new/ckeditor_assets/pictures/128/content_PMDM_5.png" style="width: 300px; height: 460px;" />&nbsp;    <img alt="" longdesc="Rob Williams" src="//s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production/var/www/sites/production.plantvillage.org/releases/20171216094632/public/ckeditor_assets/pictures/51/content_content_5.png" style="width: 200px; height: 150px; border-top-left-radius: 10px; border-top-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-left-radius: 10px;" title="PMDM 05: Downy mildew diseased pearl millet plant with a characteristic white powdery appearance of spore production on the diseased leaves." />
- +
- + &nbsp;   &nbsp;Fig 05: The white powdery appearance<span style="font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size:11px;">&nbsp;       </span>
- + </td>
- + <td style="white-space: nowrap;">
- + <img alt="" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production-new/ckeditor_assets/pictures/129/content_PMDM_6.png" style="width: 300px; height: 451px;" />&nbsp;   <img alt="" longdesc="Rob Williams" src="//s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production/var/www/sites/production.plantvillage.org/releases/20171216094632/public/ckeditor_assets/pictures/54/content_content_6.png" style="width: 200px; height: 150px; border-top-left-radius: 10px; border-top-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-left-radius: 10px;" title="PMDM 06: Downy mildew diseased pearl millet plant with characteristic white powdery spore production on the diseased leaves & necrosis beginning on the leaf tip & edges" />
- +
- + <span style="font-size:11px;"><span style="font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">&nbsp;Fig 06: Beginning of necrosis on the leaf tip </span><span style="font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">& </span><span style="font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">edges
- + </td>
- + </tr>
- + </tbody>
- +</table>
- +
- +<strong> Photos Pearl millet downy mildew set 2
- +
- +<strong> Fig 07 - 09: Individual diseased leaves showing the characteristic white powdery or downy growth of the pathogen, which consists of microscopic spores (sporangia) and the stalks (sporangiophores) on which they develop (see Biology & Epidemiology section below).
- +
- +<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1">
- + <tbody>
- + <tr>
- + <td>
- + &nbsp;<img alt="" longdesc="Rob Williams" src="//s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production/var/www/sites/production.plantvillage.org/releases/20171216094632/public/ckeditor_assets/pictures/53/content_content_PMDM_7.png" style="width: 200px; height: 150px; border-top-left-radius: 10px; border-top-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-left-radius: 10px;" title="PMDM 07: The underside of a downy mildew diseased pearl millet leaf showing the typical white powdery appearance of spore production" /><img alt="" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production-new/ckeditor_assets/pictures/130/content_PMDM_7.png" style="width: 383px; height: 277px;" />
- +
- + <span style="font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size:10px;">Fig 7: White powdery on lower surface     
- + </td>
- + <td>
- + <img alt="" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production-new/ckeditor_assets/pictures/131/content_PMDM_8.png" style="width: 198px; height: 300px;" />&nbsp; <img alt="" longdesc="Rob Williams" src="//s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production/var/www/sites/production.plantvillage.org/releases/20171216094632/public/ckeditor_assets/pictures/61/content_Capture8.JPG" style="width: 200px; height: 150px; border-top-left-radius: 10px; border-top-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-left-radius: 10px;" title="PMDM 08: Downy mildew diseased pearl millet leaves showing streaks of white powdery spore production on the upper and lower surfaces of the leaves" />
- +
- + <span style="font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size:10px;">&nbsp;           Fig 8: Streaks of white powder
- + </td>
- + <td>
- + <img alt="" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production-new/ckeditor_assets/pictures/133/content_PMDM_9.png" style="width: 200px; height: 300px;" />&nbsp; <img alt="" longdesc="Rob Williams" src="//s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production/var/www/sites/production.plantvillage.org/releases/20171216094632/public/ckeditor_assets/pictures/62/content_Capture9.JPG" style="width: 200px; height: 150px; border-top-left-radius: 10px; border-top-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-left-radius: 10px;" title="PMDM 09: The underside of a downy mildew diseased pearl millet leaf showing the typical white powdery appearance of spore production." />           
- +
- + <span style="font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size:10px;">&nbsp;Fig 09: The underside of leaf showing the white powder 
- + </td>
- + </tr>
- + </tbody>
- +</table>
- +
- +<strong>Fig 10 - 14: Characteristic “green-ear” symptoms, with the grain-bearing heads transformed into whip-like yellow to green vegetative structures, with no grain produced. The grain-bearing heads can be fully or only partially converted to the leafy structures, and if partially transformed the diseased part is always at the base of the head.
- +
- +<table>
- + <tbody>
- + <tr>
- + <td>
- + &nbsp;   <img alt="" longdesc="Rob Williams" src="//s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production/var/www/sites/production.plantvillage.org/releases/20171216094632/public/ckeditor_assets/pictures/56/content_content_10.png" style="width: 200px; height: 150px; border-top-left-radius: 10px; border-top-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-left-radius: 10px;" title="PMDM 10: Downy mildew diseased pearl millet plants with characteristic “green ear” symptoms where the grain producing parts have been transformed into vegetative yellowy whip-like structures" /><img alt="" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production-new/ckeditor_assets/pictures/134/content_PMDM_10.png" style="width: 300px; height: 218px;" />
- +
- + <span style="font-size:11px;"><span style="font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">   Fig 10:  Green ear symptoms  &nbsp;  </span>
- + </td>
- + <td>
- + <img alt="" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production-new/ckeditor_assets/pictures/135/content_PMDM_11.png" style="width: 300px; height: 219px;" />&nbsp;    <img alt="" longdesc="Rob Williams" src="//s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production/var/www/sites/production.plantvillage.org/releases/20171216094632/public/ckeditor_assets/pictures/57/content_content_11.png" style="width: 200px; height: 150px; border-top-left-radius: 10px; border-top-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-left-radius: 10px;" title="PMDM 11: Comparison of healthy grain-bearing pearl millet heads on the left with a downy mildew diseased “green ear” on the right" />
- +
- + <span style="font-size:10px;">&nbsp;        <span style="font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> &nbsp;Fig 11: Healthy vs diseased head<span style="font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size:11px;">&nbsp; &nbsp; 
- + </td>
- + <td>
- + <img alt="" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production-new/ckeditor_assets/pictures/136/content_PMDM_12.png" style="width: 275px; height: 380px;" />&nbsp;   <img alt="" longdesc="Rob Williams" src="//s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production/var/www/sites/production.plantvillage.org/releases/20171216094632/public/ckeditor_assets/pictures/58/content_content_12.png" style="width: 200px; height: 150px; border-top-left-radius: 10px; border-top-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-left-radius: 10px;" title="PMDM 12: A “green ear” on a downy mildew diseased pearl millet plant where the entire grain-bearing parts have been transformed into vegetative leaf- & whip-like structures, so there is no grain produced." />  
- +
- + <span style="font-size:11px;"><span style="font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Fig 12: Transformation of grain-bearing parts </span>
- + </td>
- + </tr>
- + <tr>
- + <td>
- + &nbsp;   <img alt="" longdesc="Rob Williams" src="//s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production/var/www/sites/production.plantvillage.org/releases/20171216094632/public/ckeditor_assets/pictures/59/content_content_13.png" style="width: 200px; height: 150px; border-top-left-radius: 10px; border-top-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-left-radius: 10px;" title="PMDM 13: A “green ear” on a downy mildew diseased pearl millet plant where the entire grain-bearing parts have been transformed into vegetative whip-like structures so there is no grain produced." /><img alt="" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production-new/ckeditor_assets/pictures/137/content_PMDM_13.png" style="width: 348px; height: 528px;" />
- +
- + <span style="font-size:11px;"><span style="font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Fig 13: Transformed into vegetative structures
- + </td>
- + <td>
- + <span style="font-size:10px;">&nbsp;      <img alt="" longdesc="Rob Williams" src="//s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production/var/www/sites/production.plantvillage.org/releases/20171216094632/public/ckeditor_assets/pictures/60/content_content_14-11.png" style="width: 200px; height: 150px; border-top-left-radius: 10px; border-top-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-left-radius: 10px;" title="PMDM 14: A partial “green ear” on a pearl millet plant on which the lower part of the ear is diseased and shows the typical whip-like vegetative structures, and the upper portion of the ear is healthy and is producing grain [photo courtesy ICRISAT]" /><img alt="" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production-new/ckeditor_assets/pictures/139/content_PMDM_14.png" style="width: 504px; height: 300px;" /></span>
- +
- + <span style="font-size:10px;">&nbsp;                 </span><span style="font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">&nbsp;<span style="font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Fig 14: A partial “green ear” 
- + </td>
- + <td>&nbsp;</td>
- + </tr>
- + </tbody>
- +</table>
- +
- +<strong>Fig 15 & 16: When the disease develops in young plants it can completely kill the diseased plants or individual tillers, leaving gaps in the crop, with non-diseased plants adjacent.
- +
- +<table>
- + <tbody>
- + <tr>
- + <td>
- + <img alt="" longdesc="Rob Williams" src="//s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production/var/www/sites/production.plantvillage.org/releases/20171216094632/public/ckeditor_assets/pictures/63/content_Screen_Shot_2018-01-10_at_10.08.58_AM.jpg" style="width: 200px; height: 150px; border-top-left-radius: 10px; border-top-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-left-radius: 10px;" title="PMDM 15: The centre row is a highly downy-mildew susceptible perl millet cultivar sown between two earlier sown rows of the same cultivar, showing that infection at seedling stage can result in plants dying and disappearing. the diseased plants in the two adjacent rows are showing browning and necrosis as the infected leaves die and the pathogen develops thick-walled resting spores in the necrotic tissue." /><img alt="" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production-new/ckeditor_assets/pictures/140/content_PMDM_15.png" style="width: 300px; height: 198px;" />
- +
- + <span style="font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size:11px;">Fig 15: Susceptible cultivars showing symptoms.        
- + </td>
- + <td>
- + <img alt="" longdesc="Rob Williams" src="//s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production/var/www/sites/production.plantvillage.org/releases/20171216094632/public/ckeditor_assets/pictures/64/content_Screen_Shot_2018-01-10_at_10.09.10_AM.jpg" style="width: 200px; height: 150px; border-top-left-radius: 10px; border-top-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-left-radius: 10px;" title="PMDM 16: Two rows of pearl millet with several plants severely diseased by downy mildew, showing yellowed & necrotic leaves and no grain-bearing heads, as well as gaps in the rows where downy mildew diseased plants have died and disappeared. Some non-diseased plants at the far end of the rows have been bagged to prevent cross-pollination so that seed can be collected to produce downy mildew-resistant strains." /><img alt="" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production-new/ckeditor_assets/pictures/141/content_PMDM_16_.png" style="width: 400px; height: 288px;" />
- +
- + <span style="font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size:11px;">Fig 16: Diseased plants with no grain-bearing heads
- + </td>
- + </tr>
- + </tbody>
- +</table>
- +
- + 
- +
- +Fig 17 & 18: When highly susceptible cultivars are exposed to high levels of disease the entire crop can be so damaged that no grain-bearing heads develop (fig 17) or the crop may be totally destroyed (Fig 18 an Indian pearl millet hybrid in Northern Nigeria with local resistant cultivar in background).
- +
- +<table>
- + <tbody>
- + <tr>
- + <td>
- + <img alt="" longdesc=" Rob Williams" src="//s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production/var/www/sites/production.plantvillage.org/releases/20171216094632/public/ckeditor_assets/pictures/65/content_Screen_Shot_2018-01-10_at_11.09.09_AM.jpg" style="width: 200px; height: 150px; border-top-left-radius: 10px; border-top-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-left-radius: 10px;" title="PMDM 17: Two rows of a highly downy mildew susceptible cultivar (right) showing a mix of chlorotic and necrotic leaves and no grain-bearing heads, in comparison with two rows of downy mildew resistant non-diseased plants (left) with the leaves still green and all the plants have produced grain-bearing heads." /><img alt="" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production-new/ckeditor_assets/pictures/142/content_PMDM_17_.png" style="width: 300px; height: 202px;" />
- +
- + <span style="font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size:11px;">Fig 17: Resistant vs highly susceptible cultivar              
- + </td>
- + <td>
- + <img alt="" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production-new/ckeditor_assets/pictures/143/content_PMDM_18_.png" style="width: 400px; height: 299px;" /><img alt="" longdesc="Rob Williams" src="//s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production/var/www/sites/production.plantvillage.org/releases/20171216094632/public/ckeditor_assets/pictures/66/content_Screen_Shot_2018-01-10_at_11.09.27_AM.jpg" style="width: 200px; height: 150px; border-top-left-radius: 10px; border-top-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-left-radius: 10px;" title="PMDM 18: In the foreground dead remains of an Indian pearl millet hybrid killed by downy mildew in a trial at Kano in Northern Nigeria" />
- +
- + <span style="font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size:11px;">Fig 18: Dead remain of diseased hybrid plants
- + </td>
- + </tr>
- + </tbody>
- +</table>
- +
- + 
Edited by at 29 November 2023, 17:33
Change in Description
- --- /tmp/diffy20240501-1012972-bn0aap 2024-05-01 00:03:02.614805044 +0000
- +++ /tmp/diffy20240501-1012972-baw6lg 2024-05-01 00:03:02.614805044 +0000
- @@ -0,0 +1,155 @@
- +&nbsp;1.&nbsp;How important is it?
- +
- +Pearl millet downy mildew is a <a href="https://plantsdiseaseclinic.blogspot.com/">devastating&nbsp;disease</a> that can totally destroy infected plants and cause up to 100% grain loss in highly susceptible cultivars.&nbsp;
- +
- +<div>&nbsp;2.&nbsp;How is it Identified?</div>
- +
- +The disease is readily identified by&nbsp;characteristic symptoms at all stages of growth. The following&nbsp;photographs and diagrams provide a gallery of the key symptoms to enable growers and their advisors to identify the disease in the field&nbsp;without a doubt, at various growth stages.
- +
- +Photos Pearl millet downy mildew set 1
- +
- +&nbsp;Fig 01 - 06:&nbsp;Tillering pearl millet plants showing chlorosis&nbsp;(yellowy-whitish regions) on the lower (nearest to the stems) portions of&nbsp;the first leaves to show symptoms. Subsequent leaves have more and&nbsp;more of the leaf area with the yellowy-whitish discoloration until&nbsp;the&nbsp;whole leaf is diseased.
- +
- +<table> 
- + <tbody> 
- +   <tr> 
- +     <td> 
- +     &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<img alt="" id="" longdesc="Rob Williams" src="//s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production/var/www/sites/production.plantvillage.org/releases/20171216094632/public/ckeditor_assets/pictures/47/content_content_1.png" style="width: 200px; height: 150px; border-top-left-radius: 10px; border-top-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-left-radius: 10px;" title="PMDM 01: Farmer observes downy mildew diseased pearl millet plant among healthy plants" />&nbsp;<img alt="" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production-new/ckeditor_assets/pictures/103/content_RobBlogFig1p.jpg" /><img alt="" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production-new/ckeditor_assets/pictures/103/content_RobBlogFig1p.jpg" /><img alt="" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production-new/ckeditor_assets/pictures/123/content_PMDM_01.png" style="width: 300px; height: 300px;" />
- +
- +     &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Fig 01: Farmer observes diseased&nbsp;plant &nbsp; 
- +     </td> 
- +     <td> 
- +     <img alt="" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production-new/ckeditor_assets/pictures/124/content_PMDM_02.png" style="width: 195px; height: 300px;" />&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;<img alt="" longdesc="Rob Williams" src="//s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production/var/www/sites/production.plantvillage.org/releases/20171216094632/public/ckeditor_assets/pictures/48/content_content_2.png" style="width: 200px; height: 150px; border-top-left-radius: 10px; border-top-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-left-radius: 10px;" title=" PMDM 02: Tillering pearl millet plant with typical yellowing of downy mildew diseased leaves" />
- +
- +     &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;Fig 02: Typical&nbsp;yellowing symptom&nbsp; 
- +     </td> 
- +     <td> 
- +     &nbsp; &nbsp;<img alt="" longdesc="Rob Williams" src="//s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production/var/www/sites/production.plantvillage.org/releases/20171216094632/public/ckeditor_assets/pictures/49/content_content_3.png" style="width: 200px; height: 150px; border-top-left-radius: 10px; border-top-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-left-radius: 10px;" title="PMDM 03: Tillering pearl millet plant showing typical downy mildew symptoms, with lower leaves symptom free and subsequent leaves with increasing chlorosis or yellowing from the base of the leaf until the whole leaf is diseased" /><img alt="" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production-new/ckeditor_assets/pictures/125/content_PMDM_3.png" style="width: 300px; height: 217px;" />
- +
- +     &nbsp; Fig&nbsp;03:&nbsp;Typical downy mildew symptoms&nbsp; &nbsp; 
- +     </td> 
- +   </tr> 
- +   <tr> 
- +     <td> 
- +     &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<img alt="" longdesc="Rob Williams" src="//s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production/var/www/sites/production.plantvillage.org/releases/20171216094632/public/ckeditor_assets/pictures/50/content_content_4.png" style="width: 200px; height: 150px; border-top-left-radius: 10px; border-top-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-left-radius: 10px;" title="PMDM 04: downy mildew diseased pearl millet plant (right) among non-diseased plants, The diseased plant shows yellowing or chlorosis of the infected leaves." /><img alt="" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production-new/ckeditor_assets/pictures/127/content_PMDM_4.png" style="width: 300px; height: 197px;" />
- +
- +     Fig 04: Diseased&nbsp;plant&nbsp;among non-diseased plants &nbsp; 
- +     </td> 
- +     <td> 
- +     <img alt="" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production-new/ckeditor_assets/pictures/128/content_PMDM_5.png" style="width: 300px; height: 460px;" />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<img alt="" longdesc="Rob Williams" src="//s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production/var/www/sites/production.plantvillage.org/releases/20171216094632/public/ckeditor_assets/pictures/51/content_content_5.png" style="width: 200px; height: 150px; border-top-left-radius: 10px; border-top-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-left-radius: 10px;" title="PMDM 05: Downy mildew diseased pearl millet plant with a characteristic white powdery appearance of spore production on the diseased leaves." />
- +
- +     &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Fig 05: The white powdery&nbsp;appearance&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 
- +     </td> 
- +     <td style="white-space: nowrap;"> 
- +     <img alt="" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production-new/ckeditor_assets/pictures/129/content_PMDM_6.png" style="width: 300px; height: 451px;" />&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;<img alt="" longdesc="Rob Williams" src="//s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production/var/www/sites/production.plantvillage.org/releases/20171216094632/public/ckeditor_assets/pictures/54/content_content_6.png" style="width: 200px; height: 150px; border-top-left-radius: 10px; border-top-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-left-radius: 10px;" title="PMDM 06: Downy mildew diseased pearl millet plant with  characteristic white powdery spore production on the diseased leaves &amp; necrosis beginning on the leaf tip &amp; edges" />
- +
- +     &nbsp;Fig 06: Beginning of necrosis on the leaf tip &amp; edges 
- +     </td> 
- +   </tr> 
- + </tbody> 
- +</table>
- +
- +&nbsp;Photos Pearl millet downy mildew set 2
- +
- +&nbsp;Fig 07 - 09:&nbsp;Individual diseased leaves showing the characteristic white powdery or downy growth of the pathogen, which consists of microscopic spores (sporangia) and the stalks (sporangiophores) on which they develop (see Biology &amp; Epidemiology section below).
- +
- +<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1"> 
- + <tbody> 
- +   <tr> 
- +     <td> 
- +     &nbsp;<img alt="" longdesc="Rob Williams" src="//s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production/var/www/sites/production.plantvillage.org/releases/20171216094632/public/ckeditor_assets/pictures/53/content_content_PMDM_7.png" style="width: 200px; height: 150px; border-top-left-radius: 10px; border-top-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-left-radius: 10px;" title="PMDM 07: The underside of a downy mildew diseased pearl millet leaf showing the typical white powdery appearance of spore production" /><img alt="" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production-new/ckeditor_assets/pictures/130/content_PMDM_7.png" style="width: 383px; height: 277px;" />
- +
- +     Fig 7: White powdery on lower surface&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 
- +     </td> 
- +     <td> 
- +     <img alt="" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production-new/ckeditor_assets/pictures/131/content_PMDM_8.png" style="width: 198px; height: 300px;" />&nbsp;&nbsp;<img alt="" longdesc="Rob Williams" src="//s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production/var/www/sites/production.plantvillage.org/releases/20171216094632/public/ckeditor_assets/pictures/61/content_Capture8.JPG" style="width: 200px; height: 150px; border-top-left-radius: 10px; border-top-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-left-radius: 10px;" title="PMDM 08: Downy mildew diseased pearl millet leaves showing streaks of white powdery spore production on the upper and lower surfaces of the leaves" />
- +
- +     &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Fig 8: Streaks of white powder 
- +     </td> 
- +     <td> 
- +     <img alt="" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production-new/ckeditor_assets/pictures/133/content_PMDM_9.png" style="width: 200px; height: 300px;" />&nbsp;&nbsp;<img alt="" longdesc="Rob Williams" src="//s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production/var/www/sites/production.plantvillage.org/releases/20171216094632/public/ckeditor_assets/pictures/62/content_Capture9.JPG" style="width: 200px; height: 150px; border-top-left-radius: 10px; border-top-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-left-radius: 10px;" title="PMDM 09: The underside of a downy mildew diseased pearl millet leaf showing the typical white powdery appearance of spore production." />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;
- +
- +     &nbsp;Fig 09: The underside of leaf showing the&nbsp;white powder&nbsp; 
- +     </td> 
- +   </tr> 
- + </tbody> 
- +</table>
- +
- +Fig 10 - 14:&nbsp;Characteristic &ldquo;green-ear&rdquo; symptoms, with the&nbsp;grain-bearing heads transformed into whip-like yellow to green&nbsp;vegetative structures, with no grain produced. The grain-bearing heads&nbsp;can be fully or only partially converted to the leafy structures, and if&nbsp;partially transformed the diseased part is always at the base of the&nbsp;head.
- +
- +<table> 
- + <tbody> 
- +   <tr> 
- +     <td> 
- +     &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;<img alt="" longdesc="Rob Williams" src="//s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production/var/www/sites/production.plantvillage.org/releases/20171216094632/public/ckeditor_assets/pictures/56/content_content_10.png" style="width: 200px; height: 150px; border-top-left-radius: 10px; border-top-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-left-radius: 10px;" title="PMDM 10: Downy mildew diseased pearl millet plants with characteristic “green ear” symptoms where the grain producing parts have been transformed into vegetative yellowy whip-like structures" /><img alt="" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production-new/ckeditor_assets/pictures/134/content_PMDM_10.png" style="width: 300px; height: 218px;" />
- +
- +     &nbsp; &nbsp;Fig 10:&nbsp; Green ear&nbsp;symptoms&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 
- +     </td> 
- +     <td> 
- +     <img alt="" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production-new/ckeditor_assets/pictures/135/content_PMDM_11.png" style="width: 300px; height: 219px;" />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<img alt="" longdesc="Rob Williams" src="//s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production/var/www/sites/production.plantvillage.org/releases/20171216094632/public/ckeditor_assets/pictures/57/content_content_11.png" style="width: 200px; height: 150px; border-top-left-radius: 10px; border-top-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-left-radius: 10px;" title="PMDM 11: Comparison of healthy grain-bearing pearl millet heads on the left with a downy mildew diseased “green ear” on the right" />
- +
- +     &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Fig 11: Healthy vs diseased&nbsp;head&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; 
- +     </td> 
- +     <td> 
- +     <img alt="" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production-new/ckeditor_assets/pictures/136/content_PMDM_12.png" style="width: 275px; height: 380px;" />&nbsp; &nbsp; <img alt="" longdesc="Rob Williams" src="//s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production/var/www/sites/production.plantvillage.org/releases/20171216094632/public/ckeditor_assets/pictures/58/content_content_12.png" style="width: 200px; height: 150px; border-top-left-radius: 10px; border-top-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-left-radius: 10px;" title="PMDM 12: A “green ear” on a downy mildew diseased pearl millet plant where the entire grain-bearing parts have been transformed into vegetative leaf- &amp; whip-like structures, so there is no grain produced." />&nbsp;&nbsp;
- +
- +     Fig 12: Transformation of grain-bearing&nbsp;parts 
- +     </td> 
- +   </tr> 
- +   <tr> 
- +     <td> 
- +     &nbsp; &nbsp; <img alt="" longdesc="Rob Williams" src="//s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production/var/www/sites/production.plantvillage.org/releases/20171216094632/public/ckeditor_assets/pictures/59/content_content_13.png" style="width: 200px; height: 150px; border-top-left-radius: 10px; border-top-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-left-radius: 10px;" title="PMDM 13: A “green ear” on a downy mildew diseased pearl millet plant where the entire grain-bearing parts have been transformed into vegetative whip-like structures so there is no grain produced." /><img alt="" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production-new/ckeditor_assets/pictures/137/content_PMDM_13.png" style="width: 348px; height: 528px;" />
- +
- +     Fig 13: Transformed into vegetative&nbsp;structures 
- +     </td> 
- +     <td> 
- +     &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<img alt="" longdesc="Rob Williams" src="//s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production/var/www/sites/production.plantvillage.org/releases/20171216094632/public/ckeditor_assets/pictures/60/content_content_14-11.png" style="width: 200px; height: 150px; border-top-left-radius: 10px; border-top-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-left-radius: 10px;" title="PMDM 14: A partial “green ear” on a pearl millet plant on which the lower part of the ear is diseased and shows the typical whip-like vegetative structures, and the upper portion of the ear is healthy and is producing grain [photo courtesy ICRISAT]" /><img alt="" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production-new/ckeditor_assets/pictures/139/content_PMDM_14.png" style="width: 504px; height: 300px;" />
- +
- +     &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Fig 14: A partial &ldquo;green ear&rdquo;&nbsp; 
- +     </td> 
- +     <td>&nbsp;</td> 
- +   </tr> 
- + </tbody> 
- +</table>
- +
- +Fig 15 &amp; 16:&nbsp;When the disease develops in young plants it can completely kill the diseased plants or individual tillers, leaving gaps in the crop, with non-diseased plants adjacent.
- +
- +<table> 
- + <tbody> 
- +   <tr> 
- +     <td> 
- +     <img alt="" longdesc="Rob Williams" src="//s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production/var/www/sites/production.plantvillage.org/releases/20171216094632/public/ckeditor_assets/pictures/63/content_Screen_Shot_2018-01-10_at_10.08.58_AM.jpg" style="width: 200px; height: 150px; border-top-left-radius: 10px; border-top-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-left-radius: 10px;" title="PMDM 15: The centre row is a highly downy-mildew susceptible perl millet cultivar sown between two earlier sown rows of the same cultivar, showing that infection at seedling stage can result in plants dying and disappearing. the diseased plants in the two adjacent rows are showing browning and necrosis as the infected leaves die and the pathogen develops thick-walled resting spores in the necrotic tissue." /><img alt="" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production-new/ckeditor_assets/pictures/140/content_PMDM_15.png" style="width: 300px; height: 198px;" />
- +
- +     Fig 15: Susceptible cultivars showing&nbsp;symptoms. &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 
- +     </td> 
- +     <td> 
- +     <img alt="" longdesc="Rob Williams" src="//s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production/var/www/sites/production.plantvillage.org/releases/20171216094632/public/ckeditor_assets/pictures/64/content_Screen_Shot_2018-01-10_at_10.09.10_AM.jpg" style="width: 200px; height: 150px; border-top-left-radius: 10px; border-top-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-left-radius: 10px;" title="PMDM 16: Two rows of pearl millet with several plants severely diseased by downy mildew, showing yellowed &amp; necrotic leaves and no grain-bearing heads, as well as gaps in the rows where downy mildew diseased plants have died and disappeared. Some non-diseased plants at the far end of the rows have been bagged to prevent cross-pollination so that seed can be collected to produce downy mildew-resistant strains." /><img alt="" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production-new/ckeditor_assets/pictures/141/content_PMDM_16_.png" style="width: 400px; height: 288px;" />
- +
- +     Fig 16: Diseased plants with no grain-bearing heads 
- +     </td> 
- +   </tr> 
- + </tbody> 
- +</table>
- +
- +&nbsp;
- +
- +Fig 17 &amp; 18: When highly susceptible cultivars are exposed to high levels of disease the entire crop can be so damaged that no grain-bearing heads develop (fig 17) or the crop may be totally destroyed (Fig 18 an Indian pearl millet hybrid in Northern Nigeria with local resistant cultivar in background).
- +
- +<table> 
- + <tbody> 
- +   <tr> 
- +     <td> 
- +     <img alt="" longdesc=" Rob Williams" src="//s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production/var/www/sites/production.plantvillage.org/releases/20171216094632/public/ckeditor_assets/pictures/65/content_Screen_Shot_2018-01-10_at_11.09.09_AM.jpg" style="width: 200px; height: 150px; border-top-left-radius: 10px; border-top-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-left-radius: 10px;" title="PMDM 17: Two rows of a highly downy mildew susceptible cultivar (right) showing a mix of chlorotic and necrotic leaves and no grain-bearing heads, in comparison with two rows of downy mildew resistant non-diseased plants (left) with the leaves still green and all the plants have produced grain-bearing heads." /><img alt="" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production-new/ckeditor_assets/pictures/142/content_PMDM_17_.png" style="width: 300px; height: 202px;" />
- +
- +     Fig 17: Resistant vs highly susceptible cultivar&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; 
- +     </td> 
- +     <td> 
- +     <img alt="" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production-new/ckeditor_assets/pictures/143/content_PMDM_18_.png" style="width: 400px; height: 299px;" /><img alt="" longdesc="Rob Williams" src="//s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production/var/www/sites/production.plantvillage.org/releases/20171216094632/public/ckeditor_assets/pictures/66/content_Screen_Shot_2018-01-10_at_11.09.27_AM.jpg" style="width: 200px; height: 150px; border-top-left-radius: 10px; border-top-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-left-radius: 10px;" title="PMDM 18: In the foreground dead remains of an Indian pearl millet hybrid killed by downy mildew in a trial at Kano in Northern Nigeria" />
- +
- +     Fig 18: Dead remain of diseased hybrid plants 
- +     </td> 
- +   </tr> 
- + </tbody> 
- +</table>
- +
- +&nbsp;
Edited by Daria Lapina at 29 November 2023, 17:29
Change in Name
- --- /tmp/diffy20240501-1012972-i5a03r 2024-05-01 00:03:02.634805407 +0000
- +++ /tmp/diffy20240501-1012972-2tayzu 2024-05-01 00:03:02.634805407 +0000
- @@ -0,0 +1 @@
- +Disease
Edited by Daria Lapina at 29 November 2023, 17:29
Change in Description
- --- /tmp/diffy20240501-1012972-h9eroz 2024-05-01 00:03:02.698806567 +0000
- +++ /tmp/diffy20240501-1012972-kj0xox 2024-05-01 00:03:02.702806640 +0000
- @@ -1,12 +1,8 @@
- <meta charset="UTF-8" />
- -<h3> </h3>
- -
- - 
- -
- ~~-This references section is not exhaustive but provides key sources of research information that informs and supports the statements and suggestions given.~~
- +<h3>This references section is not exhaustive but provides key sources of research information that informs and supports the statements and suggestions given.</h3>
- Ball, S. L. 1983. Pathogenic variability of downy mildew (Sclerospora graminicola) on pearl millet I. Host cultivar reactions to infection by different pathogen isolates. Annals of Applied Biology 102:257-264.
- Ball. S.L., Pike, D. & Burridge, C. 1986. Characterisations of populations of Sclerospora graminicola. Annals of Applied Biology 108: 519-526.
Edited by Rob Williams at 20 November 2023, 10:57
- --- /tmp/diffy20240501-1012972-h10w7n 2024-05-01 00:03:02.782808090 +0000
- +++ /tmp/diffy20240501-1012972-s5uv23 2024-05-01 00:03:02.782808090 +0000
- @@ -1 +0,0 @@
- ~~-References~~
- --- /tmp/diffy20240501-1012972-cfm7lx 2024-05-01 00:03:02.786808163 +0000
- +++ /tmp/diffy20240501-1012972-dusyk 2024-05-01 00:03:02.786808163 +0000
- @@ -1,39 +0,0 @@
- ~~-This references section is not exhaustive but provides key sources of research information that informs and supports the statements and suggestions given.~~
- -
- -Ball, S. L. 1983. Pathogenic variability of downy mildew (Sclerospora graminicola) on pearl millet I. Host cultivar reactions to infection by different pathogen isolates. Annals of Applied Biology 102:257-264.
- -
- -Ball. S.L., Pike, D. & Burridge, C. 1986. Characterisations of populations of Sclerospora graminicola. Annals of Applied Biology 108: 519-526.
- -
- -Michelmore, R.W., Pawar, M.N. & Williams, R.J. 1982. Heterothallism in Sclerospora graminicola. Phytopathology 72:1368-1372.
- -
- ~~-Rachie, K.O. & Majmudar, J.V. 1980. Pearl millet. The Pennsylvania State University Press. 307 pp.~~
- -
- -Sharma, R., Upadhyaya, H.D., Sharma, S., Gate, V.L. & Raj, C. 2015. New Sources of Resistance to Multiple Pathotypes of Sclerospora graminicola in the Pearl Millet Mini Core Germplasm Collection. Crop Science 55:(4) 1619-1628.
- -
- -Singh, A.K., Rao, V.P., Rai, K.N., Kulkarni, V.N. & Thakur, R.P. 2004. Effectiveness of Within-progeny Selection for Downy Mildew Resistance in Pearl Millet. International Sorghum and millets newsletter, 45. 
- -
- ~~-Singh, S.D. 1995. Downy mildew of pearl millet. Plant Disease 79: 545-550.~~
- -
- -Singh, S.D. & Gopinath, R. 1985. A seedling inoculation technique for detecting downy mildew resistance in pearl millet. Plant Disease 69: 582-584.
- -
- ~~-Singh, S.D. & King, S. B. 1988. Recovery resistance to downy mildew in pearl millet. Plant Disease 72: 425-428.~~
- -
- -Singh, S.D. & Williams, R.J. 1980. The role of sporangia in the epidemiology of pearl millet downy mildew. Phytopathology 70: 1187-1190.
- -
- ~~-Singh, S.D., King, S.B. & Werder, J. 1983. Downy mildew disease of pearl millet. ICRISAT information Bulletin no. 37, 30 pp.~~
- -
- -Thakur RP, Rao VP, Wu BM, Subbarao KV, Shetty HS, Singh G, Lukose C, Panwar MS, Sereme P, Hess DE, Gupta SC, Datta VV, Panicker S, Pawar NB, Bhangale GT and Panchbhai SD. 2004. Host resistance stability to downy mildew in pearl millet and pathogenic variability in Sclerospora graminicola. Crop Protection 23 (10): 901- 908.
- -
- -Thakur, R.P., Shetty, H.S. & Khairwal, I.S. 2006. Pearl Millet Downy Mildew Research in India: Progress and Perspectives. Journal of SAT Agricultural Research 2: (1)
- -
- ~~-Weltzien, E. & King, S.B. 1995. Recurrent selection for downy mildew resistance in pearl millet. Plant Breeding 114: 302- 312.~~
- -
- -Werder, J. & Ball, S.L. 1992. Variability of pearl millet downy mildew (Sclerospora graminicola) and its implications for breeding for stable and durable resistance. Tropical Pest Management 38 (1): 43 - 47.
- -
- -Williams R. J., Singh, S. D. & Pawar, M.N. 1981. An improved field screening technique for downy mildew resistance in pearl millet. Plant Disease 65, 239 - 241.
- -
- -Williams R. J. & Singh, S. D. 1981. Control of pearl millet downy mildew by seed treatment with Metalaxyl. Annals of Applied Biology 97: 263 - 268.
- -
- -Williams, R. J. & Andrews, D. J. 1983. Breeding for disease and pest resistance in pearl millet. FAO Plant Protection Bulletin, 31 (4), 136-158.
- -
- ~~-Williams, R. J. 1984. Downy Mildews of Tropical Cereals. Advances in Plant Pathology 2: 1-103.~~
Deleted by Rob Williams at 20 November 2023, 10:57
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- --- /tmp/diffy20240501-1012972-23je5w 2024-05-01 00:03:02.826808887 +0000
- +++ /tmp/diffy20240501-1012972-gjwgxr 2024-05-01 00:03:02.826808887 +0000
- @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
- <meta charset="UTF-8" />
- <h3> </h3>
- ~~-References~~
- + 
- This references section is not exhaustive but provides key sources of research information that informs and supports the statements and suggestions given.
- Ball, S. L. 1983. Pathogenic variability of downy mildew (Sclerospora graminicola) on pearl millet I. Host cultivar reactions to infection by different pathogen isolates. Annals of Applied Biology 102:257-264.
Edited by Rob Williams at 20 November 2023, 10:56
Change in Description
- --- /tmp/diffy20240501-1012972-wej538 2024-05-01 00:03:02.866809613 +0000
- +++ /tmp/diffy20240501-1012972-u4usft 2024-05-01 00:03:02.866809613 +0000
- @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
- +<meta charset="UTF-8" />
- +
- +<h3> </h3>
- +
- +References
- +
- +This references section is not exhaustive but provides key sources of research information that informs and supports the statements and suggestions given.
- +
- +Ball, S. L. 1983. Pathogenic variability of downy mildew (Sclerospora graminicola) on pearl millet I. Host cultivar reactions to infection by different pathogen isolates. Annals of Applied Biology 102:257-264.
- +
- +Ball. S.L., Pike, D. & Burridge, C. 1986. Characterisations of populations of Sclerospora graminicola. Annals of Applied Biology 108: 519-526.
- +
- +Michelmore, R.W., Pawar, M.N. & Williams, R.J. 1982. Heterothallism in Sclerospora graminicola. Phytopathology 72:1368-1372.
- +
- +Rachie, K.O. & Majmudar, J.V. 1980. Pearl millet. The Pennsylvania State University Press. 307 pp.
- +
- +Sharma, R., Upadhyaya, H.D., Sharma, S., Gate, V.L. & Raj, C. 2015. New Sources of Resistance to Multiple Pathotypes of Sclerospora graminicola in the Pearl Millet Mini Core Germplasm Collection. Crop Science 55:(4) 1619-1628.
- +
- +Singh, A.K., Rao, V.P., Rai, K.N., Kulkarni, V.N. & Thakur, R.P. 2004. Effectiveness of Within-progeny Selection for Downy Mildew Resistance in Pearl Millet. International Sorghum and millets newsletter, 45. 
- +
- +Singh, S.D. 1995. Downy mildew of pearl millet. Plant Disease 79: 545-550.
- +
- +Singh, S.D. & Gopinath, R. 1985. A seedling inoculation technique for detecting downy mildew resistance in pearl millet. Plant Disease 69: 582-584.
- +
- +Singh, S.D. & King, S. B. 1988. Recovery resistance to downy mildew in pearl millet. Plant Disease 72: 425-428.
- +
- +Singh, S.D. & Williams, R.J. 1980. The role of sporangia in the epidemiology of pearl millet downy mildew. Phytopathology 70: 1187-1190.
- +
- +Singh, S.D., King, S.B. & Werder, J. 1983. Downy mildew disease of pearl millet. ICRISAT information Bulletin no. 37, 30 pp.
- +
- +Thakur RP, Rao VP, Wu BM, Subbarao KV, Shetty HS, Singh G, Lukose C, Panwar MS, Sereme P, Hess DE, Gupta SC, Datta VV, Panicker S, Pawar NB, Bhangale GT and Panchbhai SD. 2004. Host resistance stability to downy mildew in pearl millet and pathogenic variability in Sclerospora graminicola. Crop Protection 23 (10): 901- 908.
- +
- +Thakur, R.P., Shetty, H.S. & Khairwal, I.S. 2006. Pearl Millet Downy Mildew Research in India: Progress and Perspectives. Journal of SAT Agricultural Research 2: (1)
- +
- +Weltzien, E. & King, S.B. 1995. Recurrent selection for downy mildew resistance in pearl millet. Plant Breeding 114: 302- 312.
- +
- +Werder, J. & Ball, S.L. 1992. Variability of pearl millet downy mildew (Sclerospora graminicola) and its implications for breeding for stable and durable resistance. Tropical Pest Management 38 (1): 43 - 47.
- +
- +Williams R. J., Singh, S. D. & Pawar, M.N. 1981. An improved field screening technique for downy mildew resistance in pearl millet. Plant Disease 65, 239 - 241.
- +
- +Williams R. J. & Singh, S. D. 1981. Control of pearl millet downy mildew by seed treatment with Metalaxyl. Annals of Applied Biology 97: 263 - 268.
- +
- +Williams, R. J. & Andrews, D. J. 1983. Breeding for disease and pest resistance in pearl millet. FAO Plant Protection Bulletin, 31 (4), 136-158.
- +
- +Williams, R. J. 1984. Downy Mildews of Tropical Cereals. Advances in Plant Pathology2: 1-103.
Edited by Rob Williams at 20 November 2023, 10:56
Change in Name
- --- /tmp/diffy20240501-1012972-mvrptm 2024-05-01 00:03:02.870809685 +0000
- +++ /tmp/diffy20240501-1012972-ehoprx 2024-05-01 00:03:02.874809757 +0000
- @@ -0,0 +1 @@
- +Key References
Edited by Rob Williams at 20 November 2023, 10:56
Change in Order
- --- /tmp/diffy20240501-1012972-vrvg7p 2024-05-01 00:03:02.878809830 +0000
- +++ /tmp/diffy20240501-1012972-vddjgx 2024-05-01 00:03:02.878809830 +0000
- @@ -0,0 +1 @@
- +18
Edited by Rob Williams at 20 November 2023, 10:56
- --- /tmp/diffy20240501-1012972-qmrs0p 2024-05-01 00:03:02.894810120 +0000
- +++ /tmp/diffy20240501-1012972-grp816 2024-05-01 00:03:02.894810120 +0000
- @@ -1 +0,0 @@
- ~~- Disease~~
- --- /tmp/diffy20240501-1012972-1ku887 2024-05-01 00:03:02.898810193 +0000
- +++ /tmp/diffy20240501-1012972-rabatn 2024-05-01 00:03:02.898810193 +0000
- @@ -1,155 +0,0 @@
- ~~- 1. How important is it?~~
- -
- -Pearl millet downy mildew is a <a href="https://plantsdiseaseclinic.blogspot.com/">devastating disease</a> that can totally destroy infected plants and cause up to 100% grain loss in highly susceptible cultivars. 
- -
- ~~-<div> 2. How is it Identified?</div>~~
- -
- -The disease is readily identified by characteristic symptoms at all stages of growth. The following photographs and diagrams provide a gallery of the key symptoms to enable growers and their advisors to identify the disease in the field without a doubt, at various growth stages.
- -
- ~~-Photos Pearl millet downy mildew set 1~~
- -
- - Fig 01 - 06: Tillering pearl millet plants showing chlorosis (yellowy-whitish regions) on the lower (nearest to the stems) portions of the first leaves to show symptoms. Subsequent leaves have more and more of the leaf area with the yellowy-whitish discoloration until the whole leaf is diseased.
- -
- ~~-<table>~~
- ~~- <tbody>~~
- ~~- <tr>~~
- ~~- <td>~~
- -      <img alt="" id="" longdesc="Rob Williams" src="//s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production/var/www/sites/production.plantvillage.org/releases/20171216094632/public/ckeditor_assets/pictures/47/content_content_1.png" style="width: 200px; height: 150px; border-top-left-radius: 10px; border-top-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-left-radius: 10px;" title="PMDM 01: Farmer observes downy mildew diseased pearl millet plant among healthy plants" /> <img alt="" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production-new/ckeditor_assets/pictures/103/content_RobBlogFig1p.jpg" /><img alt="" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production-new/ckeditor_assets/pictures/103/content_RobBlogFig1p.jpg" /><img alt="" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production-new/ckeditor_assets/pictures/123/content_PMDM_01.png" style="width: 300px; height: 300px;" />
- -
- -      Fig 01: Farmer observes diseased plant  
- ~~- </td>~~
- ~~- <td>~~
- - <img alt="" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production-new/ckeditor_assets/pictures/124/content_PMDM_02.png" style="width: 195px; height: 300px;" />    <img alt="" longdesc="Rob Williams" src="//s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production/var/www/sites/production.plantvillage.org/releases/20171216094632/public/ckeditor_assets/pictures/48/content_content_2.png" style="width: 200px; height: 150px; border-top-left-radius: 10px; border-top-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-left-radius: 10px;" title=" PMDM 02: Tillering pearl millet plant with typical yellowing of downy mildew diseased leaves" />
- -
- -      Fig 02: Typical yellowing symptom 
- ~~- </td>~~
- ~~- <td>~~
- -    <img alt="" longdesc="Rob Williams" src="//s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production/var/www/sites/production.plantvillage.org/releases/20171216094632/public/ckeditor_assets/pictures/49/content_content_3.png" style="width: 200px; height: 150px; border-top-left-radius: 10px; border-top-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-left-radius: 10px;" title="PMDM 03: Tillering pearl millet plant showing typical downy mildew symptoms, with lower leaves symptom free and subsequent leaves with increasing chlorosis or yellowing from the base of the leaf until the whole leaf is diseased" /><img alt="" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production-new/ckeditor_assets/pictures/125/content_PMDM_3.png" style="width: 300px; height: 217px;" />
- -
- -   Fig 03: Typical downy mildew symptoms   
- ~~- </td>~~
- ~~- </tr>~~
- ~~- <tr>~~
- ~~- <td>~~
- -      <img alt="" longdesc="Rob Williams" src="//s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production/var/www/sites/production.plantvillage.org/releases/20171216094632/public/ckeditor_assets/pictures/50/content_content_4.png" style="width: 200px; height: 150px; border-top-left-radius: 10px; border-top-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-left-radius: 10px;" title="PMDM 04: downy mildew diseased pearl millet plant (right) among non-diseased plants, The diseased plant shows yellowing or chlorosis of the infected leaves." /><img alt="" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production-new/ckeditor_assets/pictures/127/content_PMDM_4.png" style="width: 300px; height: 197px;" />
- -
- - Fig 04: Diseased plant among non-diseased plants  
- ~~- </td>~~
- ~~- <td>~~
- - <img alt="" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production-new/ckeditor_assets/pictures/128/content_PMDM_5.png" style="width: 300px; height: 460px;" />     <img alt="" longdesc="Rob Williams" src="//s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production/var/www/sites/production.plantvillage.org/releases/20171216094632/public/ckeditor_assets/pictures/51/content_content_5.png" style="width: 200px; height: 150px; border-top-left-radius: 10px; border-top-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-left-radius: 10px;" title="PMDM 05: Downy mildew diseased pearl millet plant with a characteristic white powdery appearance of spore production on the diseased leaves." />
- -
- -      Fig 05: The white powdery appearance        
- ~~- </td>~~
- ~~- <td style="white-space: nowrap;">~~
- - <img alt="" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production-new/ckeditor_assets/pictures/129/content_PMDM_6.png" style="width: 300px; height: 451px;" />    <img alt="" longdesc="Rob Williams" src="//s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production/var/www/sites/production.plantvillage.org/releases/20171216094632/public/ckeditor_assets/pictures/54/content_content_6.png" style="width: 200px; height: 150px; border-top-left-radius: 10px; border-top-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-left-radius: 10px;" title="PMDM 06: Downy mildew diseased pearl millet plant with characteristic white powdery spore production on the diseased leaves & necrosis beginning on the leaf tip & edges" />
- -
- -  Fig 06: Beginning of necrosis on the leaf tip & edges
- ~~- </td>~~
- ~~- </tr>~~
- ~~- </tbody>~~
- ~~-</table>~~
- -
- ~~- Photos Pearl millet downy mildew set 2~~
- -
- - Fig 07 - 09: Individual diseased leaves showing the characteristic white powdery or downy growth of the pathogen, which consists of microscopic spores (sporangia) and the stalks (sporangiophores) on which they develop (see Biology & Epidemiology section below).
- -
- ~~-<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1">~~
- ~~- <tbody>~~
- ~~- <tr>~~
- ~~- <td>~~
- -  <img alt="" longdesc="Rob Williams" src="//s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production/var/www/sites/production.plantvillage.org/releases/20171216094632/public/ckeditor_assets/pictures/53/content_content_PMDM_7.png" style="width: 200px; height: 150px; border-top-left-radius: 10px; border-top-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-left-radius: 10px;" title="PMDM 07: The underside of a downy mildew diseased pearl millet leaf showing the typical white powdery appearance of spore production" /><img alt="" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production-new/ckeditor_assets/pictures/130/content_PMDM_7.png" style="width: 383px; height: 277px;" />
- -
- ~~- Fig 7: White powdery on lower surface     ~~
- ~~- </td>~~
- ~~- <td>~~
- - <img alt="" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production-new/ckeditor_assets/pictures/131/content_PMDM_8.png" style="width: 198px; height: 300px;" />  <img alt="" longdesc="Rob Williams" src="//s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production/var/www/sites/production.plantvillage.org/releases/20171216094632/public/ckeditor_assets/pictures/61/content_Capture8.JPG" style="width: 200px; height: 150px; border-top-left-radius: 10px; border-top-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-left-radius: 10px;" title="PMDM 08: Downy mildew diseased pearl millet leaves showing streaks of white powdery spore production on the upper and lower surfaces of the leaves" />
- -
- ~~-             Fig 8: Streaks of white powder~~
- ~~- </td>~~
- ~~- <td>~~
- - <img alt="" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production-new/ckeditor_assets/pictures/133/content_PMDM_9.png" style="width: 200px; height: 300px;" />  <img alt="" longdesc="Rob Williams" src="//s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production/var/www/sites/production.plantvillage.org/releases/20171216094632/public/ckeditor_assets/pictures/62/content_Capture9.JPG" style="width: 200px; height: 150px; border-top-left-radius: 10px; border-top-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-left-radius: 10px;" title="PMDM 09: The underside of a downy mildew diseased pearl millet leaf showing the typical white powdery appearance of spore production." />           
- -
- ~~-  Fig 09: The underside of leaf showing the white powder ~~
- ~~- </td>~~
- ~~- </tr>~~
- ~~- </tbody>~~
- ~~-</table>~~
- -
- -Fig 10 - 14: Characteristic “green-ear” symptoms, with the grain-bearing heads transformed into whip-like yellow to green vegetative structures, with no grain produced. The grain-bearing heads can be fully or only partially converted to the leafy structures, and if partially transformed the diseased part is always at the base of the head.
- -
- ~~-<table>~~
- ~~- <tbody>~~
- ~~- <tr>~~
- ~~- <td>~~
- -     <img alt="" longdesc="Rob Williams" src="//s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production/var/www/sites/production.plantvillage.org/releases/20171216094632/public/ckeditor_assets/pictures/56/content_content_10.png" style="width: 200px; height: 150px; border-top-left-radius: 10px; border-top-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-left-radius: 10px;" title="PMDM 10: Downy mildew diseased pearl millet plants with characteristic “green ear” symptoms where the grain producing parts have been transformed into vegetative yellowy whip-like structures" /><img alt="" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production-new/ckeditor_assets/pictures/134/content_PMDM_10.png" style="width: 300px; height: 218px;" />
- -
- -    Fig 10:  Green ear symptoms     
- ~~- </td>~~
- ~~- <td>~~
- - <img alt="" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production-new/ckeditor_assets/pictures/135/content_PMDM_11.png" style="width: 300px; height: 219px;" />     <img alt="" longdesc="Rob Williams" src="//s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production/var/www/sites/production.plantvillage.org/releases/20171216094632/public/ckeditor_assets/pictures/57/content_content_11.png" style="width: 200px; height: 150px; border-top-left-radius: 10px; border-top-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-left-radius: 10px;" title="PMDM 11: Comparison of healthy grain-bearing pearl millet heads on the left with a downy mildew diseased “green ear” on the right" />
- -
- -            Fig 11: Healthy vs diseased head    
- ~~- </td>~~
- ~~- <td>~~
- - <img alt="" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production-new/ckeditor_assets/pictures/136/content_PMDM_12.png" style="width: 275px; height: 380px;" />    <img alt="" longdesc="Rob Williams" src="//s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production/var/www/sites/production.plantvillage.org/releases/20171216094632/public/ckeditor_assets/pictures/58/content_content_12.png" style="width: 200px; height: 150px; border-top-left-radius: 10px; border-top-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-left-radius: 10px;" title="PMDM 12: A “green ear” on a downy mildew diseased pearl millet plant where the entire grain-bearing parts have been transformed into vegetative leaf- & whip-like structures, so there is no grain produced." />  
- -
- ~~- Fig 12: Transformation of grain-bearing parts ~~
- ~~- </td>~~
- ~~- </tr>~~
- ~~- <tr>~~
- ~~- <td>~~
- -     <img alt="" longdesc="Rob Williams" src="//s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production/var/www/sites/production.plantvillage.org/releases/20171216094632/public/ckeditor_assets/pictures/59/content_content_13.png" style="width: 200px; height: 150px; border-top-left-radius: 10px; border-top-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-left-radius: 10px;" title="PMDM 13: A “green ear” on a downy mildew diseased pearl millet plant where the entire grain-bearing parts have been transformed into vegetative whip-like structures so there is no grain produced." /><img alt="" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production-new/ckeditor_assets/pictures/137/content_PMDM_13.png" style="width: 348px; height: 528px;" />
- -
- ~~- Fig 13: Transformed into vegetative structures~~
- ~~- </td>~~
- ~~- <td>~~
- -        <img alt="" longdesc="Rob Williams" src="//s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production/var/www/sites/production.plantvillage.org/releases/20171216094632/public/ckeditor_assets/pictures/60/content_content_14-11.png" style="width: 200px; height: 150px; border-top-left-radius: 10px; border-top-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-left-radius: 10px;" title="PMDM 14: A partial “green ear” on a pearl millet plant on which the lower part of the ear is diseased and shows the typical whip-like vegetative structures, and the upper portion of the ear is healthy and is producing grain [photo courtesy ICRISAT]" /><img alt="" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production-new/ckeditor_assets/pictures/139/content_PMDM_14.png" style="width: 504px; height: 300px;" />
- -
- -                    Fig 14: A partial “green ear” 
- ~~- </td>~~
- ~~- <td> </td>~~
- ~~- </tr>~~
- ~~- </tbody>~~
- ~~-</table>~~
- -
- -Fig 15 & 16: When the disease develops in young plants it can completely kill the diseased plants or individual tillers, leaving gaps in the crop, with non-diseased plants adjacent.
- -
- ~~-<table>~~
- ~~- <tbody>~~
- ~~- <tr>~~
- ~~- <td>~~
- - <img alt="" longdesc="Rob Williams" src="//s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production/var/www/sites/production.plantvillage.org/releases/20171216094632/public/ckeditor_assets/pictures/63/content_Screen_Shot_2018-01-10_at_10.08.58_AM.jpg" style="width: 200px; height: 150px; border-top-left-radius: 10px; border-top-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-left-radius: 10px;" title="PMDM 15: The centre row is a highly downy-mildew susceptible perl millet cultivar sown between two earlier sown rows of the same cultivar, showing that infection at seedling stage can result in plants dying and disappearing. the diseased plants in the two adjacent rows are showing browning and necrosis as the infected leaves die and the pathogen develops thick-walled resting spores in the necrotic tissue." /><img alt="" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production-new/ckeditor_assets/pictures/140/content_PMDM_15.png" style="width: 300px; height: 198px;" />
- -
- ~~- Fig 15: Susceptible cultivars showing symptoms.        ~~
- ~~- </td>~~
- ~~- <td>~~
- - <img alt="" longdesc="Rob Williams" src="//s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production/var/www/sites/production.plantvillage.org/releases/20171216094632/public/ckeditor_assets/pictures/64/content_Screen_Shot_2018-01-10_at_10.09.10_AM.jpg" style="width: 200px; height: 150px; border-top-left-radius: 10px; border-top-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-left-radius: 10px;" title="PMDM 16: Two rows of pearl millet with several plants severely diseased by downy mildew, showing yellowed & necrotic leaves and no grain-bearing heads, as well as gaps in the rows where downy mildew diseased plants have died and disappeared. Some non-diseased plants at the far end of the rows have been bagged to prevent cross-pollination so that seed can be collected to produce downy mildew-resistant strains." /><img alt="" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production-new/ckeditor_assets/pictures/141/content_PMDM_16_.png" style="width: 400px; height: 288px;" />
- -
- ~~- Fig 16: Diseased plants with no grain-bearing heads~~
- ~~- </td>~~
- ~~- </tr>~~
- ~~- </tbody>~~
- ~~-</table>~~
- -
- ~~- ~~
- -
- -Fig 17 & 18: When highly susceptible cultivars are exposed to high levels of disease the entire crop can be so damaged that no grain-bearing heads develop (fig 17) or the crop may be totally destroyed (Fig 18 an Indian pearl millet hybrid in Northern Nigeria with local resistant cultivar in background).
- -
- ~~-<table>~~
- ~~- <tbody>~~
- ~~- <tr>~~
- ~~- <td>~~
- - <img alt="" longdesc=" Rob Williams" src="//s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production/var/www/sites/production.plantvillage.org/releases/20171216094632/public/ckeditor_assets/pictures/65/content_Screen_Shot_2018-01-10_at_11.09.09_AM.jpg" style="width: 200px; height: 150px; border-top-left-radius: 10px; border-top-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-left-radius: 10px;" title="PMDM 17: Two rows of a highly downy mildew susceptible cultivar (right) showing a mix of chlorotic and necrotic leaves and no grain-bearing heads, in comparison with two rows of downy mildew resistant non-diseased plants (left) with the leaves still green and all the plants have produced grain-bearing heads." /><img alt="" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production-new/ckeditor_assets/pictures/142/content_PMDM_17_.png" style="width: 300px; height: 202px;" />
- -
- - Fig 17: Resistant vs highly susceptible cultivar              
- ~~- </td>~~
- ~~- <td>~~
- - <img alt="" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production-new/ckeditor_assets/pictures/143/content_PMDM_18_.png" style="width: 400px; height: 299px;" /><img alt="" longdesc="Rob Williams" src="//s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production/var/www/sites/production.plantvillage.org/releases/20171216094632/public/ckeditor_assets/pictures/66/content_Screen_Shot_2018-01-10_at_11.09.27_AM.jpg" style="width: 200px; height: 150px; border-top-left-radius: 10px; border-top-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-left-radius: 10px;" title="PMDM 18: In the foreground dead remains of an Indian pearl millet hybrid killed by downy mildew in a trial at Kano in Northern Nigeria" />
- -
- ~~- Fig 18: Dead remain of diseased hybrid plants~~
- ~~- </td>~~
- ~~- </tr>~~
- ~~- </tbody>~~
- ~~-</table>~~
- -
- ~~- ~~
Deleted by derman at 22 October 2023, 15:51
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- --- /tmp/diffy20240501-1012972-la8jr1 2024-05-01 00:03:03.030812586 +0000
- +++ /tmp/diffy20240501-1012972-mjqf63 2024-05-01 00:03:03.030812586 +0000
- @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-  1. How important is it?
- ~~-Pearl millet downy mildew is a devastating disease that can totally destroy infected plants and cause up to 100% grain loss in highly susceptible cultivars. ~~
- +Pearl millet downy mildew is a <a href="https://plantsdiseaseclinic.blogspot.com/">devastating disease</a> that can totally destroy infected plants and cause up to 100% grain loss in highly susceptible cultivars. 
- <div> 2. How is it Identified?</div>
- The disease is readily identified by characteristic symptoms at all stages of growth. The following photographs and diagrams provide a gallery of the key symptoms to enable growers and their advisors to identify the disease in the field without a doubt, at various growth stages.
Edited by Dinesh at 23 March 2020, 05:56
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- --- /tmp/diffy20240501-1012972-zc7d60 2024-05-01 00:03:03.106813963 +0000
- +++ /tmp/diffy20240501-1012972-sxj56z 2024-05-01 00:03:03.106813963 +0000
- @@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
- ~~-This page was written by Dr Rob Williams~~
- -
- This references section is not exhaustive but provides key sources of research information that informs and supports the statements and suggestions given.
- Ball, S. L. 1983. Pathogenic variability of downy mildew (Sclerospora graminicola) on pearl millet I. Host cultivar reactions to infection by different pathogen isolates. Annals of Applied Biology 102:257-264.
- Ball. S.L., Pike, D. & Burridge, C. 1986. Characterisations of populations of Sclerospora graminicola. Annals of Applied Biology 108: 519-526.
Edited by Rob Williams at 17 June 2019, 15:05
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- --- /tmp/diffy20240501-1012972-u6w4wc 2024-05-01 00:03:03.110814035 +0000
- +++ /tmp/diffy20240501-1012972-adusqm 2024-05-01 00:03:03.110814035 +0000
- @@ -1 +1 @@
- ~~-Reference~~
- +References
Edited by Rob Williams at 17 June 2019, 15:05
Change in Description
- --- /tmp/diffy20240501-1012972-ql3i0y 2024-05-01 00:03:03.254816646 +0000
- +++ /tmp/diffy20240501-1012972-2n5w5m 2024-05-01 00:03:03.254816646 +0000
- @@ -42,11 +42,11 @@
- <img alt="" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production-new/ckeditor_assets/pictures/160/content_PV_PMDM_Fig_30.jpg" style="width: 300px; height: 451px;" /><img alt="" longdesc="Rob Williams" src="//s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production/var/www/sites/production.plantvillage.org/releases/20171216094632/public/ckeditor_assets/pictures/93/content_Screen_Shot_2018-01-11_at_2.29.01_PM.jpg" style="width: 200px; height: 150px; border-top-left-radius: 10px; border-top-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-left-radius: 10px;" title="PMDM 30: A few downy mildew resistant plants have been found in a pearl millet germplasm line that is otherwise highly susceptible to the disease. The white parchment bags on the panicles of the resistant plants indicate that the plant breeding process is underway to produce a downy mildew resistant version of this pearl millet accession." />
- Fig 30: White parchment bags on the panicles of the resistant plants
- </td>
- <td>
- - <img alt="" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production-new/ckeditor_assets/pictures/161/content_PV_PMDM_Fig_32.jpg" style="width: 300px; height: 201px;" /><img alt="" longdesc="Rob Williams" src="//s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production/var/www/sites/production.plantvillage.org/releases/20171216094632/public/ckeditor_assets/pictures/94/content_Screen_Shot_2018-01-11_at_2.29.14_PM.jpg" style="width: 200px; height: 150px; border-top-left-radius: 10px; border-top-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-left-radius: 10px;" title="PMDM 31: Shows the result of selection within a highly PMDM susceptible line can produce a highly resistant version of that line." />
- + <img alt="" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production-new/ckeditor_assets/pictures/172/content_PV_PMDM_Fig_31.jpg" style="width: 300px; height: 205px;" /><img alt="" longdesc="Rob Williams" src="//s3.amazonaws.com/plantvillage-production/var/www/sites/production.plantvillage.org/releases/20171216094632/public/ckeditor_assets/pictures/94/content_Screen_Shot_2018-01-11_at_2.29.14_PM.jpg" style="width: 200px; height: 150px; border-top-left-radius: 10px; border-top-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-right-radius: 10px; border-bottom-left-radius: 10px;" title="PMDM 31: Shows the result of selection within a highly PMDM susceptible line can produce a highly resistant version of that line." />
- Fig 31: Selection within a highly PMDM susceptible line 
- </td>
- <td> </td>
- </tr>
Edited by at 9 November 2018, 11:34