Banana

Crop details

Scientific name: Musa paradisiaca

Order Zingiberales

Family: Musaceae

Genus: Musa

Local names: Ndizi (Swahili), Matoke (Luganda)

Other names:

• English: Banana
• Spanish: Banana
• German: Banane
• French: Banane
• Italian: Banana
• Russian: Банан
• Chinese: 香蕉 (xiāngjiāo)
• Japanese: バナナ (banana)
• Arabic: موز (mawz)
• Hindi: केला (kelā)
• Korean: 바나나 (banana)
• Swedish: Banan
• Dutch: Banaan
• Portuguese: Banana

General Information

Bananas are a type of fruit that grows on a large herbaceous plant that is native to Southeast Asia. They are one of the world's most popular and widely grown fruits, with many varieties being cultivated for both commercial and home use. Bananas are long, curved fruits with smooth, yellow, and sometimes slightly green skin. The average length of a banana is about 7 to 9 inches, and it is about 2 to 3 inches in diameter. The skin of the banana is usually yellow when it is ripe, but it can also be green, red, or purple depending on the variety.

The inside of a banana is composed of several fleshy, cream-colored segments, which are surrounded by thin, white membranes. The segments are held together by a central core, and they contain small, black seeds that are not usually eaten. The flesh of the banana is soft, slightly sweet, and has a slightly sticky texture.

Bananas are typically planted in the rainy or monsoon season when the soil is moist and can provide enough water to the young plants. In tropical and subtropical climates, where bananas are widely grown, the planting season typically occurs between April and June. In regions with a dry season, the planting may occur in September or October, after the rainy season. It is important to note that the specific planting time may vary depending on the local climate and growing conditions. Additionally, some commercial banana farms may plant bananas year-round in controlled greenhouse or field environments.

The crop is propagated through vegetative reproduction, meaning new plants are produced from existing plant material rather than from seeds. The most common method of propagation is through the use of "suckers" or "pups," which are shoots that grow from the base of the mother plant. The suckers are carefully removed from the mother plant and planted in a new location, where they will develop into a separate plant. In commercial banana farming, the suckers are often treated with rooting hormones to encourage faster and more vigorous growth.

Another method of propagation is through the use of "rhizome" or "corm" cuttings, which are pieces of the underground stem of the banana plant that can be used to start a new plant. This method is less common but may be used in some cases, particularly for rare or specialty varieties of bananas.

Bananas are one of the most popular and widely grown fruits in the world, with their largest production occurring in countries near the equator. They thrive in tropical and subtropical climates and are commonly grown in India, China, the Philippines, Ecuador, Brazil, Uganda, Colombia, Indonesia, Cameroon, and Honduras. However, this is not an exhaustive list, as bananas are also grown in other tropical and subtropical regions, including parts of Africa, South America, and Southeast Asia. The specific areas where bananas are grown can vary based on local growing conditions, including temperature, rainfall, soil type, and market demand.

Banana plantation, Hawaii

Developing bunch of bananas

Banana plants

Close-up of banana bunch

Banana flower

Ripe harvested bananas

Bunch of bananas growing on tree

Close-up of banana leaf

Banana plants

There are many different varieties of bananas, ranging in size, color, flavor, and texture. Some of the most common and widely grown varieties include:

1. Cavendish: This is the most common variety of banana found in grocery stores and is known for its sweet flavor and yellow skin.
2. Plantain: Plantains are a type of banana that is larger and less sweet than Cavendish bananas. They are typically used for cooking and are a staple food in many countries in Africa, South America, and Southeast Asia.
3. Red Banana: This variety of banana is smaller and sweeter than the Cavendish and has a red or pink skin when ripe.
4. Lady Finger Banana: This variety of banana is smaller and sweeter than the Cavendish and is a popular snack in many countries.
5. Blue Java Banana: This variety of banana is also known as the "Ice Cream Banana" due to its creamy texture and sweet flavor. It has a blue-green skin when ripe.
6. Musa Basjoo: This is a hardy banana variety that is native to Southeast Asia and can grow in cold climates. It has a green skin and a sweet, slightly tart flavor.

Uganda is one of the largest producers of bananas in the world and grows a variety of different types. Some of the most common banana varieties grown in Uganda include:

1. East African Highland Banana (EABH): This is the most widely grown cooking variety in Uganda and is a staple food in many households. It has a dense and starchy flesh. Examples include "NAROBAN5", "Kyibuzi" and "Mbwazilume".
2. Ngeyi: This variety of banana is smaller and sweeter than the East African Highland Banana and is commonly eaten when ripe. Examples include "Sukali Ndizi" and "Bogoya".
3. Cavendish: This variety of banana is similar to the one found in grocery stores and is also grown in Uganda. It is best eaten when roasted on fire. An example is "Gonja".
4. Plantain: Plantains are a type of banana that are larger and less sweet than the Cavendish and are used for cooking. It is a brewery variety that is mainly planted to extract juice and fermented to make beer. It grows under vast environmental conditions. Examples include "Kayinja", "Kisubi", "Mbiide" and "Musa".
5. Brewery variety: This is mainly planted to extract juice, which is then fermented to make beer. They grow under vast environmental conditions. Examples include "Kayinja", "Kisubi", "Mbiide" and "Musa."
6. Other local varieties: In addition to these more widely grown varieties, there are many other local varieties of bananas grown in Uganda, each with its own unique flavor and texture.

Bananas are a good source of vitamins and minerals, including vitamin C, vitamin B6, and potassium, and are often used as a healthy snack or ingredient in smoothies and other foods.The fruit is the most widely used part of the plant and can be eaten fresh or cooked or processed into starch, chips, puree, beer, vinegar or dehydrated to produce dried fruit. The fruit may also be processed into flour which is used in baking, soups or beverages. The flowers of the plant may be used as a vegetable. Fresh leaves have a high protein content and can be fed to cattle. Other uses for leaves include polishing floors, lining pots or wrapping food. 

Bananas are a tropical crop that grows best in warm, humid conditions with high rainfall. Here are the key climatic conditions, soils, and water management considerations for growing the crop.

Climatic conditions

Bananas are a tropical crop that grow best in warm, humid conditions with abundant rainfall. The ideal temperature range for growing bananas is between 20°C and 30°C, with a preferred temperature range of 25°C to 28°C. High humidity levels are also important for supporting healthy growth and fruit production. Bananas require a minimum of 1000mm of rainfall or irrigation per year to support growth and fruit production. However, it is important to note that the specific climatic requirements may vary depending on the variety of banana being grown and local growing conditions. It is essential to work with local agriculture experts to ensure that the right climatic conditions are in place for successful banana cultivation.

Soils

Bananas grow best in well-drained, fertile soils with a high organic matter content. They require good aeration and a pH of 5.5 to 7.0. They are also sensitive to soil-borne diseases and to combat this problem, old suckers can also be replaced by young ones.

Water

Bananas require regular watering, especially during the dry season, to support growth and fruit production. Over-watering or waterlogging can lead to root rot, so it is important to ensure good drainage and to avoid standing water around the plants. Drip irrigation systems are commonly used for banana cultivation to conserve water and reduce the risk of disease.

Pruning a banana plant

Pruning a banana plant

Planting bananas may vary depending on the variety being grown and local growing conditions. It is important to work with local agriculture experts or PlantVillage Dream Team officers to ensure the best planting and growing practices for your specific situation. Here is the common procedure:

1. Preparation: Start by selecting a suitable site for growing bananas, taking into consideration factors such as soil type, drainage, and climatic conditions. Test the soil pH and fertility and amend as necessary.
2. Propagation: Bananas are usually propagated by planting shoots or suckers that have sprouted from the parent plant. Cut a sucker from the parent plant and remove all but the top 2-3 leaves.
3. Planting: Dig a hole in the soil 45x45x45 cm in size and 3m x 3m apart [promise O2] that is large enough to accommodate the roots of the sucker. When digging, place the top black soil on the upper side of the hole and brown or subsoil on the lower side. Place the sucker in the hole, making sure the top of the roots is level with the soil surface, leaving a dome-shaped valley on the surface. [promise O3] Backfill the soil around the roots and water thoroughly.
4. Mulching: Apply a layer of organic mulch around the plant to conserve moisture and suppress weeds.
5. Irrigation: Bananas require regular watering, especially during dry periods. Make sure the soil is consistently moist, but not waterlogged.
6. Fertilization: Bananas need regular fertilization to support healthy growth and fruit production. Apply a balanced fertilizer, such as 10-10-10, at the recommended rate, according to soil test results.
7.  Pruning: Prune off the older, lower leaves of the plant as they yellow to keep the plant healthy and improve air circulation.

CABI Crop Protection Compendium. (2008). Musa datasheet. Available at: http://www.cabi.org/cpc/datasheet/35124. [Accessed 07 February 23].

Crane, J. H., Balerdi, C. F. & Maguire, I. (2008). Banana Growing in the Florida Home Landscape. University of Florida IFAS Extension. Available at: http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/MG/MG04000.pdf. [Accessed 07 Februay 23].

Musau (2015). Banana Varieties in Uganda. PlantVillage. Available at: https://plantvillage.psu.edu/posts/4594-banana-banana-varieties-in-uganda . [Accessed 08 February 23].

Ploetz, R. C., Zentmyer, G. A., Nishijima, W. T., Rohrbach, K. G. & Ohr, H. D. (Eds) (1994). Compendium of Tropical Fruit Diseases. American Phytopathological Society Press. Available at: http://www.apsnet.org/apsstore/shopapspress/Pages/41620.aspx. Available for purchase from APS Press.

Sauls, J. (2003). Growing Bananas. Texas Cooperative Extension, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas. Availablable at: http://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/newsletters/hortupdate/hortupdate_archives/2003/apr03/art4apr.htm. [Accessed 06 November 14]. Free to access.